Nokea
The cluster of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones are:
- A. Nodules
- B. Islets of Langerhans
- C. Pancreatic medulla
- D. Pancreatic cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Islets of Langerhans contain different types of cells that regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A), pancreatic medulla (C), and pancreatic cortex (D) are not associated with hormone secretion in the pancreas. Nodules are more general and not specific to the pancreas, while pancreatic medulla and cortex do not house the endocrine cells responsible for hormone secretion.
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Which of the following is true of both prolactin and oxytocin? Both
- A. are concerned with lactation.
- B. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- C. stimulate the mammary glands to make milk.
- D. are concerned only with lactation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: are concerned with lactation. Both prolactin and oxytocin are hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin promotes milk production in the mammary glands, while oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the breasts during breastfeeding. Therefore, both hormones play crucial roles in the lactation process.
Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, not the adenohypophysis. Choice C is incorrect because oxytocin specifically stimulates the contraction of the muscles around the mammary glands to release milk, not the production of milk. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin is also involved in milk ejection, not just lactation itself.
Complete the following sentence: Lipid-soluble hormones are…
- A. Constantly produced within the anterior pituitary gland and released into the blood stream
- B. Hydrophilic and are transported in an un-conjugated form in the blood
- C. Interact with intracellular receptors and evoke changes in gene expression
- D. Formed from amino acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because lipid-soluble hormones can freely diffuse through cell membranes to interact with intracellular receptors, leading to changes in gene expression. This mechanism is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones. Choice A is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not constantly produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect as lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic, not hydrophilic, and are often transported bound to carrier proteins in the blood. Choice D is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not formed from amino acids; rather, they are derived from cholesterol or similar compounds.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.
- A. an increase in calcitonin
- B. an increase in ADH
- C. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult
- D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by an increase in the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated PTH levels lead to increased calcium release from bones, resulting in bone resorption and cyst formation. Other choices (A) calcitonin, (B) ADH, and (C) growth hormone do not directly impact calcium metabolism and bone resorption like PTH does.
Ketoacidosis is most related to:
- A. adrenocortical insufficiency.
- B. Cushing syndrome.
- C. excess fatty acid catabolism.
- D. hyperglycemia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is most related to excess fatty acid catabolism. During this process, the body breaks down fatty acids into ketones, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and causing metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical insufficiency (A) is related to cortisol deficiency, not ketoacidosis. Cushing syndrome (B) is associated with excess cortisol production, not ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the mechanism of ketoacidosis.
Which condition is caused by excessive growth hormone in adults?
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because the growth plates have already closed in adults, preventing the elongation of bones seen in gigantism (choice A). Tetany (choice B) is caused by low calcium levels, not growth hormone. Kidney failure (choice C) is not directly related to excessive growth hormone.