Nokea
Which of the following is NOT true of Cushing syndrome?
- A. trunk (torso) becomes obese
- B. basic blood pH
- C. moon-shaped face
- D. hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion.
2. Option D states hyposecretion, which is incorrect for Cushing syndrome.
3. Trunk obesity, moon-shaped face, and alkalosis (basic blood pH) are characteristic features of Cushing syndrome.
4. Thus, option D is the correct answer because it is not a true characteristic of Cushing syndrome.
Summary:
Option D is incorrect because Cushing syndrome is associated with hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, not hyposecretion. Options A, B, and C are true characteristics of Cushing syndrome, making them incorrect choices.
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State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
Tropic hormones:
- A. stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones
- B. stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones
- C. stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
- D. stimulate nervous tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones. Tropic hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland and act on target glands to regulate the secretion of specific hormones. They help maintain homeostasis by controlling hormone levels in the body. Choices A and B are incorrect because tropic hormones do not target the pineal gland or thymus gland. Choice D is incorrect because tropic hormones primarily target endocrine glands, not nervous tissue. In summary, tropic hormones play a key role in regulating hormone production in other endocrine glands, making choice C the correct answer.
When blood calcium levels are high, ____ is released from the thyroid gland to deposit the excess calcium into the bones.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. oxytocin
- D. glucagon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calcitonin is the correct answer because it is released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels to deposit the excess calcium into the bones, decreasing blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone (A) works in the opposite way, increasing blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones. Oxytocin (C) is a hormone involved in labor and breastfeeding, not calcium regulation. Glucagon (D) is released from the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels, not calcium levels. Therefore, calcitonin is the most suitable choice for regulating high blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in the bones.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
- A. ions
- B. deactivators
- C. nucleotides
- D. second messengers
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: second messengers. Protein or amino acid-based hormones are unable to pass through the cell membrane due to their large size and hydrophilic nature. Therefore, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, triggering a series of events that lead to the production of second messengers inside the cell. These second messengers, such as cyclic AMP or calcium ions, then transmit the hormonal signal to the target cell's interior to initiate a physiological response. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because protein or amino acid-based hormones do not directly exert their effects through ions, deactivators, or nucleotides intracellularly.