Nokea
Which of the following statements about the hormone glucagon is true?
- A. It is secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
- B. It is secreted in response to a rise in blood glucose
- C. It promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
- D. It promotes the synthesis of glycogen in the liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose levels. When released, glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, thus increasing blood glucose levels. This helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis during fasting or low glucose conditions. Options A and B are incorrect because glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, and in response to low blood glucose, not high. Option D is incorrect as glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown, not synthesis.
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Which of the following produced only by large amounts of glucocorticoids?
- A. Normal responsiveness of fat depots to norepinephrine
- B. Maintenance of normal vascular reactivity
- C. Increased excretion of a water load
- D. Inhibition of the inflammatory response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because glucocorticoids inhibit the inflammatory response by suppressing the immune system. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by blocking the production of inflammatory substances like prostaglandins and cytokines. This effect is only observed in large amounts of glucocorticoids. Choices A, B, and C are not produced exclusively by large amounts of glucocorticoids. Normal responsiveness of fat depots to norepinephrine and maintenance of normal vascular reactivity are not directly related to glucocorticoids in large amounts. Increased excretion of a water load is more influenced by other factors such as hydration status and renal function.
The action of gastrin includes all EXCEPT:
- A. stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal
- B. stimulation of gastric acid secretion
- C. stimulation of gastric motility
- D. contraction of gastro-oesophageal junction musculature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because gastrin primarily stimulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, not insulin secretion. Gastrin is released in response to the presence of food in the stomach, leading to increased gastric acid production and motility to aid in digestion. Insulin secretion is mainly regulated by glucose levels in the blood and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Therefore, the stimulation of insulin secretion after a carbohydrate meal is not a direct action of gastrin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they accurately describe the actions of gastrin in the digestive system.
Which of the following stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone?
- A. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland
- B. high levels of calcium in the blood
- C. calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland
- D. low levels of calcium in the blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: low levels of calcium in the blood. Parathyroid hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels to help increase calcium levels by promoting its release from bones and enhancing its absorption in the intestines. This response helps maintain calcium homeostasis. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland (choice A) is not related to parathyroid hormone release. High levels of calcium in the blood (choice B) would not stimulate parathyroid hormone release as it is released in response to low calcium levels. Calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland (choice C) actually works in opposition to parathyroid hormone by promoting calcium deposition in bones and decreasing blood calcium levels.
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.