Nokea
Which of the following is true of both prolactin and oxytocin? Both
- A. are concerned with lactation.
- B. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- C. stimulate the mammary glands to make milk.
- D. are concerned only with lactation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: are concerned with lactation. Both prolactin and oxytocin are hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin promotes milk production in the mammary glands, while oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the breasts during breastfeeding. Therefore, both hormones play crucial roles in the lactation process.
Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, not the adenohypophysis. Choice C is incorrect because oxytocin specifically stimulates the contraction of the muscles around the mammary glands to release milk, not the production of milk. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin is also involved in milk ejection, not just lactation itself.
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The house officer considers prescribing nadolol for a 53-year-old patient. Which of the following preexisting conditions (co-morbidities) would most likely contraindicate safe use of this drug?
- A. Angina pectoris, chronic-stable (effort-induced)
- B. Asthma
- C. Essential hypertension
- D. Heart failure, mild
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Asthma. Nadolol is a non-selective beta-blocker, which can lead to bronchoconstriction and worsen asthma symptoms due to its effect on beta-2 receptors in the lungs. This can be dangerous for patients with asthma as it can exacerbate respiratory distress. Choices A, C, and D are not contraindications for nadolol as it can actually be beneficial in these conditions by reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
Which of the Following Hormones Regulate Blood Sodium and Potassium Levels in the Body?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Glycogens
- D. Pheromones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.
Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, submandibular glands, as they produce the majority of salivary volume. These glands are the largest of the major salivary glands and secrete saliva rich in enzymes and mucin, contributing significantly to the total saliva volume. The lingual glands (A) are minor salivary glands located in the tongue and contribute a small portion of saliva. The sublingual glands (B) are also minor salivary glands located beneath the tongue, producing a smaller volume compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (C) are another major salivary gland, but they produce a lesser volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.
Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?
- A. assertiveness
- B. antagonism
- C. synergism
- D. permissiveness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: permissiveness. Permissiveness is when one hormone enables another hormone to fully exert its effects. The rationale is as follows:
1. Permissiveness allows a hormone to work effectively only when another hormone is present to "permit" its action.
2. Assertiveness (A) and antagonism (B) do not involve the requirement of another hormone for full effect.
3. Synergism (C) involves two hormones working together for a greater effect, but they can still exert some effect individually.
In summary, permissiveness is the only option where a hormone cannot exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone.
Which statement about the appliance must be correct?
- A. It does not have a live connection.
- B. It has two fuses.
- C. It has two switches.
- D. It is double-insulated.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It is double-insulated. This is correct because double-insulated appliances have an extra layer of insulation for added safety, eliminating the need for a grounded connection. This feature protects users from electric shocks.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: It does not have a live connection - This is not necessarily true as appliances can have live connections depending on their design and function.
B: It has two fuses - While some appliances may have fuses, the number of fuses does not determine the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
C: It has two switches - The presence of two switches does not necessarily indicate the correctness of the statement about the appliance.