Nokea
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.
- A. an increase in calcitonin
- B. an increase in ADH
- C. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult
- D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by an increase in the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated PTH levels lead to increased calcium release from bones, resulting in bone resorption and cyst formation. Other choices (A) calcitonin, (B) ADH, and (C) growth hormone do not directly impact calcium metabolism and bone resorption like PTH does.
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The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of .
- A. blood vessels
- B. nerve axons
- C. cartilage
- D. bone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nerve axons. The hypothalamus communicates with the posterior pituitary lobe through nerve axons that form the hypothalamic-pituitary tract. This pathway allows for the release of hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin directly into the bloodstream. Blood vessels (choice A) are not directly responsible for the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. Cartilage (choice C) and bone (choice D) do not play a role in this connection and are not anatomically linked to the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Which of the following group of clients should be assessed for pheochromocytoma?
- A. Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control
- B. Clients with high blood glucose levels
- C. Clients who take more than two medicines to control their blood pressure
- D. Clients with either primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clients with hypertension that is difficult to control should be assessed for pheochromocytoma, as this condition involves tumors in the adrenal glands that release excess catecholamines, leading to high blood pressure.
The production and release of hormones caused by a chemical such as calcium is a _____ mechanism.
- A. humoral
- B. neural
- C. sensory
- D. hormonal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: humoral. Humoral regulation refers to the control of physiological processes by substances in the blood, such as hormones. In this case, the production and release of hormones in response to a chemical like calcium is an example of humoral mechanism. This choice is correct because it specifically involves the blood-borne substances affecting hormone production.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because neural regulation (B) involves the nervous system controlling physiological processes, sensory regulation (C) refers to sensory input influencing responses, and hormonal regulation (D) involves feedback loops within the endocrine system, not directly related to blood-borne substances like calcium.
Which condition is caused by excessive growth hormone in adults?
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because the growth plates have already closed in adults, preventing the elongation of bones seen in gigantism (choice A). Tetany (choice B) is caused by low calcium levels, not growth hormone. Kidney failure (choice C) is not directly related to excessive growth hormone.
PTH:
- A. lowers plasma calcium.
- B. stimulates osteoclastic activity.
- C. is an iodine-containing hormone.
- D. stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to increase.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: stimulates osteoclastic activity. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on bones to stimulate osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process helps increase blood calcium levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because PTH actually increases plasma calcium levels, is not an iodine-containing hormone, and does not stimulate osteoblastic activity.