Nokea
You are caring for a patient who is post-hypophysectomy for hyperpituitarism. Which post-operative finding requires immediate intervention?
- A. Presence of glucose in nasal drainage
- B. Nasal packing present in nares
- C. Urine output of 40-50 mL per hour
- D. Patient complaints of thirst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presence of glucose in nasal drainage after hypophysectomy may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which requires immediate medical intervention.
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The inability to produce ADH causes ______.
- A. diabetes mellitus.
- B. uterine contractions.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. decreased urine volume.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: diabetes insipidus. The inability to produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone) results in diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive thirst and urination. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water retention by the kidneys. Without ADH, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to increased urine output and dehydration.
A: Diabetes mellitus is not caused by the inability to produce ADH. It is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin.
B: Uterine contractions are not related to the production of ADH. Uterine contractions are primarily controlled by hormones such as oxytocin during labor.
D: Decreased urine volume is the opposite of what occurs in diabetes insipidus. In this condition, there is an increase in urine volume due to the inability to concentrate urine.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, submandibular glands, as they produce the majority of salivary volume. These glands are the largest of the major salivary glands and secrete saliva rich in enzymes and mucin, contributing significantly to the total saliva volume. The lingual glands (A) are minor salivary glands located in the tongue and contribute a small portion of saliva. The sublingual glands (B) are also minor salivary glands located beneath the tongue, producing a smaller volume compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (C) are another major salivary gland, but they produce a lesser volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.
The cluster of cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones are:
- A. Nodules
- B. Islets of Langerhans
- C. Pancreatic medulla
- D. Pancreatic cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Islets of Langerhans contain different types of cells that regulate blood sugar levels. Nodules (A), pancreatic medulla (C), and pancreatic cortex (D) are not associated with hormone secretion in the pancreas. Nodules are more general and not specific to the pancreas, while pancreatic medulla and cortex do not house the endocrine cells responsible for hormone secretion.
The production and release of hormones caused by a chemical such as calcium is a _____ mechanism.
- A. humoral
- B. neural
- C. sensory
- D. hormonal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: humoral. Humoral regulation refers to the control of physiological processes by substances in the blood, such as hormones. In this case, the production and release of hormones in response to a chemical like calcium is an example of humoral mechanism. This choice is correct because it specifically involves the blood-borne substances affecting hormone production.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because neural regulation (B) involves the nervous system controlling physiological processes, sensory regulation (C) refers to sensory input influencing responses, and hormonal regulation (D) involves feedback loops within the endocrine system, not directly related to blood-borne substances like calcium.