Nokea
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
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Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Increased salivary secretion
- B. Glaucoma
- C. Intestinal colic
- D. Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glaucoma. Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist that works by causing constriction of the pupil and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Increased salivary secretion (A) is a side effect of pilocarpine use. Pilocarpine is not indicated for treating intestinal colic (C) or cardiac arrhythmias (D).
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:
- A. luminal peptides
- B. vagal discharge
- C. luminal acid
- D. phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Gastrin secretion is primarily stimulated by luminal peptides and vagal discharge, which promote gastric acid secretion. Luminal acid, on the other hand, inhibits gastrin release as it acts as a negative feedback mechanism to regulate acid production. Phenylalanine does not directly stimulate gastrin secretion. Therefore, the correct answer is C as luminal acid inhibits, not stimulates, gastrin release. The other choices are incorrect because luminal peptides and vagal discharge are known stimulants of gastrin secretion, while phenylalanine does not have a direct effect on gastrin release.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin:
- A. are secreted by the neurohypophysis.
- B. are mineralocorticoids.
- C. are secreted by the islets of Langerhans.
- D. stimulate the kidney to excrete Na+ and water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct:
1. ADH and oxytocin are peptide hormones.
2. They are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
3. They are transported and stored in the neurohypophysis.
4. Upon stimulation, they are released from the neurohypophysis.
5. Therefore, both ADH and oxytocin are indeed secreted by the neurohypophysis.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: ADH and oxytocin are not mineralocorticoids; they regulate water balance and uterine contractions, respectively.
C: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon, not ADH or oxytocin.
D: ADH promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, opposite to excreting Na+ and water.
Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?
- A. assertiveness
- B. antagonism
- C. synergism
- D. permissiveness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: permissiveness. Permissiveness is when one hormone enables another hormone to fully exert its effects. The rationale is as follows:
1. Permissiveness allows a hormone to work effectively only when another hormone is present to "permit" its action.
2. Assertiveness (A) and antagonism (B) do not involve the requirement of another hormone for full effect.
3. Synergism (C) involves two hormones working together for a greater effect, but they can still exert some effect individually.
In summary, permissiveness is the only option where a hormone cannot exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone.
Which condition is caused by excessive growth hormone in adults?
- A. Gigantism
- B. Tetany
- C. Kidney failure
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because the growth plates have already closed in adults, preventing the elongation of bones seen in gigantism (choice A). Tetany (choice B) is caused by low calcium levels, not growth hormone. Kidney failure (choice C) is not directly related to excessive growth hormone.