Nokea
Which of the Following Hormones Regulate Blood Sodium and Potassium Levels in the Body?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Glycogens
- D. Pheromones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.
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How do hormones respond following the ingestion of a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal?
- A. Both insulin and glucagon are inhibited because blood glucose levels are unchanged.
- B. Insulin is inhibited by low glucose levels and glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis.
- C. Insulin is released to facilitate the breakdown of amino acids into glucose and glucagon is inhibited.
- D. Glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis and insulin is released to facilitate movement of amino acids into muscle cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal, glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels, while insulin facilitates amino acid transport into muscle cells.
This is Not a Function of Insulin
- A. Decreasing glycogenolysis
- B. Lipogenesis
- C. Gluconeogenesis
- D. Glycogenesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gluconeogenesis is not a function of insulin. Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, to increase blood glucose levels. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by suppressing the enzymes involved in this process. Choices A, B, and D are all functions of insulin: A) Decreasing glycogenolysis - insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by inhibiting glycogen breakdown, B) Lipogenesis - insulin enhances the conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids for storage, and D) Glycogenesis - insulin increases the formation of glycogen from glucose for storage.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Controlling reproduction
- B. Regulating mood
- C. NONE OF THE ABOVE (All of the above are functions of hormones)
- D. Influencing growth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because all of the other choices are indeed functions of hormones.
A) Hormones play a crucial role in controlling reproduction by regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and sperm production.
B) Hormones such as serotonin and dopamine have a direct impact on mood regulation and emotional well-being.
D) Hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential in influencing growth and development.
Therefore, since all the other choices are valid functions of hormones, the correct answer is C, NONE OF THE ABOVE.
Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?
- A. assertiveness
- B. antagonism
- C. synergism
- D. permissiveness
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: permissiveness. Permissiveness is when one hormone enables another hormone to fully exert its effects. The rationale is as follows:
1. Permissiveness allows a hormone to work effectively only when another hormone is present to "permit" its action.
2. Assertiveness (A) and antagonism (B) do not involve the requirement of another hormone for full effect.
3. Synergism (C) involves two hormones working together for a greater effect, but they can still exert some effect individually.
In summary, permissiveness is the only option where a hormone cannot exhibit its full effect without the presence of another hormone.
The inability to produce ADH causes ______.
- A. diabetes mellitus.
- B. uterine contractions.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. decreased urine volume.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: diabetes insipidus. The inability to produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone) results in diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive thirst and urination. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water retention by the kidneys. Without ADH, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to increased urine output and dehydration.
A: Diabetes mellitus is not caused by the inability to produce ADH. It is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin.
B: Uterine contractions are not related to the production of ADH. Uterine contractions are primarily controlled by hormones such as oxytocin during labor.
D: Decreased urine volume is the opposite of what occurs in diabetes insipidus. In this condition, there is an increase in urine volume due to the inability to concentrate urine.