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How do hormones respond following the ingestion of a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal?
- A. Both insulin and glucagon are inhibited because blood glucose levels are unchanged.
- B. Insulin is inhibited by low glucose levels and glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis.
- C. Insulin is released to facilitate the breakdown of amino acids into glucose and glucagon is inhibited.
- D. Glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis and insulin is released to facilitate movement of amino acids into muscle cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal, glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels, while insulin facilitates amino acid transport into muscle cells.
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PTH:
- A. lowers plasma calcium.
- B. stimulates osteoclastic activity.
- C. is an iodine-containing hormone.
- D. stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to increase.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: stimulates osteoclastic activity. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on bones to stimulate osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process helps increase blood calcium levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because PTH actually increases plasma calcium levels, is not an iodine-containing hormone, and does not stimulate osteoblastic activity.
Which of the following is associated with hyperthyroidism?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Dry skin
- C. Heat intolerance
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland.
2. Heat intolerance is a common symptom due to increased metabolic rate.
3. Weight gain is associated with hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism.
4. Dry skin is more commonly seen in hypothyroidism.
5. Bradycardia (slow heart rate) is not typical in hyperthyroidism.
Summary:
Choice C, heat intolerance, is associated with hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism or other conditions.
Why are the hormones cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone referred to as counter regulatory hormones?
- A. Decrease glucose production
- B. Stimulate glucose output by the liver
- C. Increase glucose transport into the cells
- D. Independently regulate glucose level in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Counter regulatory hormones, including cortisol and glucagon, stimulate the liver to release glucose to counteract hypoglycemia.
A 72-year-old woman is diagnosed with diabetes. What does the nurse recognize about the management of diabetes in the older adult?
- A. It is more difficult to achieve strict glucose control than in younger patients.
- B. It usually is not treated unless the patient becomes severely hyperglycemic.
- C. It does not include treatment with insulin because of limited dexterity and vision.
- D. It usually requires that a younger family member be responsible for care of the patient
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In older adults, achieving strict glucose control may be more difficult due to factors such as comorbidities, polypharmacy, and decreased physiological reserve.
Each of the following parasympathomimetic drugs is correctly matched with an appropriate pharmacological action EXCEPT:
- A. Methacholine - vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
- B. Neostigmine - stimulation of skeletal muscles
- C. Pilocarpine - increased sweat secretion
- D. Bethanechol - increased intraocular pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic drug that primarily acts on muscarinic receptors in the bladder and gastrointestinal tract, causing increased smooth muscle contraction and promoting urination and improved GI motility. It does not affect intraocular pressure.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Methacholine - acts as a muscarinic agonist causing bronchoconstriction, not vasodilation.
B: Neostigmine - inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to increased acetylcholine levels, enhancing neuromuscular transmission, not directly stimulating skeletal muscles.
C: Pilocarpine - acts on muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing miosis and increased aqueous humor outflow, not increased sweat secretion.