Nokea
A nurse is taking care of a client with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. Which of the following is a priority area for the nurse in evaluating a client with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?
- A. Skin color
- B. Hydration status
- C. Temperature
- D. Response to diet
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The priority concern for clients with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is their hydration status, as dehydration is a key factor in this condition.
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Narcolepsy is treated with:
- A. Amphetamine
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Isoprenaline
- D. Salbutamol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that helps manage narcolepsy symptoms by promoting wakefulness. It increases levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, enhancing alertness. Adrenaline (B), Isoprenaline (C), and Salbutamol (D) are not typically used to treat narcolepsy as they do not directly target the underlying cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. Adrenaline and Isoprenaline are more commonly used for acute situations like anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used for conditions like asthma.
The only insulin that can be administered intravenously is
- A. Lente
- B. Semi-Lente
- C. regular
- D. NPH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Only regular insulin is approved for intravenous administration due to its rapid onset and shorter duration of action.
A 66-year-old female with a long history of heavy smoking presents to her doctor with complaints of shortness of breath and chronic coughing that has been present for about 2 years and has been worsening in frequency. The doctor decides to prescribe a bronchodilator agent that has minimal cardiac side effects, since the patient also has an extensive cardiac history. Which medication did the doctor likely prescribe?
- A. Albuterol
- B. Prazosin
- C. Atenolol
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ipratropium. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator that has minimal cardiac side effects. It is commonly used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. In this case, the patient's history of heavy smoking, shortness of breath, and chronic coughing suggests a respiratory condition like COPD. Albuterol (choice A) is a short-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator that can have cardiac side effects such as palpitations and increased heart rate. Prazosin (choice B) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension and has no bronchodilator effects. Atenolol (choice C) is a beta-blocker used for hypertension and can worsen bronchospasm in patients with respiratory conditions. Therefore, the doctor likely prescribed Ipratropium to address the patient's respiratory symptoms while minimizing cardiac side effects.
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of .
- A. blood vessels
- B. nerve axons
- C. cartilage
- D. bone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nerve axons. The hypothalamus communicates with the posterior pituitary lobe through nerve axons that form the hypothalamic-pituitary tract. This pathway allows for the release of hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin directly into the bloodstream. Blood vessels (choice A) are not directly responsible for the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. Cartilage (choice C) and bone (choice D) do not play a role in this connection and are not anatomically linked to the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.