Nokea
What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Pancreas
- C. Ovaries
- D. Adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Adrenal. The adrenal glands are located just superior to the kidneys. They are responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone. The other choices are incorrect because the pituitary gland is located in the brain, the pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity, and the ovaries are located in the pelvic region. The adrenal glands are the only glands located just superior to the kidneys, making choice D the correct answer.
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Which statement about the appliance must be correct?
- A. It does not have a live connection.
- B. It has two fuses.
- C. It has two switches.
- D. It is double-insulated.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It is double-insulated. This is correct because double-insulated appliances have an extra layer of insulation for added safety, eliminating the need for a grounded connection. This feature protects users from electric shocks.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: It does not have a live connection - This is not necessarily true as appliances can have live connections depending on their design and function.
B: It has two fuses - While some appliances may have fuses, the number of fuses does not determine the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
C: It has two switches - The presence of two switches does not necessarily indicate the correctness of the statement about the appliance.
Regarding parathyroid glands, All the following statements are true Except:
- A. They are four small yellowish brown ovoid glands
- B. They lie in relation to the posterior border of thyroid lobes
- C. Release of its hormones is controlled by pituitary gland
- D. Its hormone controls blood calcium level
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the release of hormones by the parathyroid glands is actually controlled by the levels of calcium in the blood, not by the pituitary gland.
A: True - Parathyroid glands are four small yellowish brown ovoid glands.
B: True - They lie in relation to the posterior border of thyroid lobes.
D: True - The hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone (PTH), controls blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines.
State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by __________.
- A. an increase in calcitonin
- B. an increase in ADH
- C. an increase in the growth hormone in an adult
- D. an increase in the parathyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by an increase in the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated PTH levels lead to increased calcium release from bones, resulting in bone resorption and cyst formation. Other choices (A) calcitonin, (B) ADH, and (C) growth hormone do not directly impact calcium metabolism and bone resorption like PTH does.
Hyoscine is one of the most effective drugs for preventing motion sickness, but may cause photophobia or blurred vision. Which is the most similar prototype drug?
- A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor
- B. Propranolol
- C. Atropine
- D. Bethanechol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Hyoscine is an antimuscarinic drug used for motion sickness.
Step 2: Atropine is a similar prototype drug as it also belongs to the antimuscarinic class.
Step 3: Atropine, like hyoscine, can cause photophobia and blurred vision.
Step 4: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A) are not related to antimuscarinic drugs.
Step 5: Propranolol (B) is a beta-blocker and not an antimuscarinic drug.
Step 6: Bethanechol (D) is a muscarinic agonist, opposite in action to antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine and atropine.