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A patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. On physical assessment of the patient, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. Hypertension, peripheral edema, and petechiae
- B. Weight loss, buffalo hump, and moon face with acne
- C. Abdominal and buttock striae, truncal obesity, and hypotension
- D. Anorexia, signs of dehydration, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cushing syndrome typically presents with signs such as hypertension, peripheral edema, petechiae, and striae due to the effects of excess cortisol.
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Which is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle?
- A. NAD+
- B. CO2
- C. GTP
- D. FADH2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: NAD+ is a reactant in the citric acid cycle, not a product.
Step 2: NAD+ is reduced to NADH during the cycle.
Step 3: NAD+ is not directly produced as a final product in the cycle.
Step 4: Therefore, A: NAD+ is NOT produced by the citric acid cycle.
Summary: B: CO2 and D: FADH2 are produced in the cycle, while C: GTP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation.
The following plant alkaloids give derivatives which are used to treat migraine:
- A. Vinca alkaloids
- B. Digitalis glycosides
- C. Stramonium alkaloids
- D. Ergot alkaloids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ergot alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, are known to be effective in treating migraines by constricting blood vessels in the brain. This helps to reduce the intensity of migraine headaches. Vinca alkaloids (A) are used in cancer treatment, digitalis glycosides (B) in heart conditions, and stramonium alkaloids (C) in asthma and spasms, but they are not commonly associated with migraine treatment.
Which of the Following Hormones Regulate Blood Sodium and Potassium Levels in the Body?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Glycogens
- D. Pheromones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer as it specifically regulates blood sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys to enhance sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Cortisol is a stress hormone, not directly involved in electrolyte regulation. Glycogens are stored glucose molecules, not hormones. Pheromones are chemical signals for communication, not involved in electrolyte balance.
Narcolepsy is treated with:
- A. Amphetamine
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Isoprenaline
- D. Salbutamol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that helps manage narcolepsy symptoms by promoting wakefulness. It increases levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, enhancing alertness. Adrenaline (B), Isoprenaline (C), and Salbutamol (D) are not typically used to treat narcolepsy as they do not directly target the underlying cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. Adrenaline and Isoprenaline are more commonly used for acute situations like anaphylaxis or cardiac arrest. Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used for conditions like asthma.
At the skeletal muscle sarcomere, Ca2+ ions do each of the following, except:
- A. Bind to troponin to help uncover tropomyosin
- B. Help expose active sites on actin strands
- C. Is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum at terminal cisternae
- D. Helps break the ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate readying the myosin head to bind another active site
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D):
1. Ca2+ ions do not directly break down ATP into ADP + inorganic phosphate at the sarcomere.
2. This breakdown occurs through the enzymatic action of myosin ATPase.
3. Ca2+ ions primarily bind to troponin to initiate muscle contraction by moving tropomyosin.
4. Ca2+ ions help expose active sites on actin, facilitating cross-bridge formation.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Correct - Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin, not to uncover it.
B. Correct - Ca2+ aids in exposing active sites on actin, not troponin.
C. Correct - Ca2+ is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but it is released into the cytoplasm to trigger muscle contraction, not stored in the terminal cisternae.