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A patient with Graves' disease asks the nurse what caused the disorder. What is the best response by the nurse?
- A. The cause of Graves' disease is not known, although it is thought to be genetic.
- B. It is usually associated with goiter formation from an iodine deficiency over a long period of time.
- C. Antibodies develop against thyroid tissue and destroy it, causing a deficiency of thyroid hormones.
- D. In genetically susceptible persons, antibodies are formed that cause excessive thyroid hormone secretion.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Graves' disease is caused by antibodies stimulating the thyroid to produce excessive thyroid hormones in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Ketoacidosis is most related to:
- A. adrenocortical insufficiency.
- B. Cushing syndrome.
- C. excess fatty acid catabolism.
- D. hyperglycemia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ketoacidosis is most related to excess fatty acid catabolism. During this process, the body breaks down fatty acids into ketones, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the blood and causing metabolic acidosis. Adrenocortical insufficiency (A) is related to cortisol deficiency, not ketoacidosis. Cushing syndrome (B) is associated with excess cortisol production, not ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (D) is high blood sugar levels and is not directly related to the mechanism of ketoacidosis.
The nurse assesses a client who is scheduled to have a laboratory test to determine if the client’s adrenal glands are hypoactive. What type of testing would the client likely have?
- A. Catecholamine testing
- B. Suppression testing
- C. Bone marrow testing
- D. Provocative testing
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Provocative testing. This type of testing is used to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce hormones, helping to assess their function. Catecholamine testing is specific for hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline. Suppression testing is used to assess overactivity of glands. Bone marrow testing is unrelated to adrenal gland function. In summary, provocative testing is the most appropriate choice to evaluate adrenal gland activity.
Complete the following sentence: Lipid-soluble hormones are…
- A. Constantly produced within the anterior pituitary gland and released into the blood stream
- B. Hydrophilic and are transported in an un-conjugated form in the blood
- C. Interact with intracellular receptors and evoke changes in gene expression
- D. Formed from amino acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because lipid-soluble hormones can freely diffuse through cell membranes to interact with intracellular receptors, leading to changes in gene expression. This mechanism is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones. Choice A is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not constantly produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Choice B is incorrect as lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic, not hydrophilic, and are often transported bound to carrier proteins in the blood. Choice D is incorrect because lipid-soluble hormones are not formed from amino acids; rather, they are derived from cholesterol or similar compounds.
Which of the following is true of both prolactin and oxytocin? Both
- A. are concerned with lactation.
- B. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- C. stimulate the mammary glands to make milk.
- D. are concerned only with lactation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: are concerned with lactation. Both prolactin and oxytocin are hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin promotes milk production in the mammary glands, while oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the breasts during breastfeeding. Therefore, both hormones play crucial roles in the lactation process.
Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, not the adenohypophysis. Choice C is incorrect because oxytocin specifically stimulates the contraction of the muscles around the mammary glands to release milk, not the production of milk. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin is also involved in milk ejection, not just lactation itself.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones?
- A. Controlling reproduction
- B. Regulating mood
- C. NONE OF THE ABOVE (All of the above are functions of hormones)
- D. Influencing growth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because all of the other choices are indeed functions of hormones.
A) Hormones play a crucial role in controlling reproduction by regulating the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and sperm production.
B) Hormones such as serotonin and dopamine have a direct impact on mood regulation and emotional well-being.
D) Hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones are essential in influencing growth and development.
Therefore, since all the other choices are valid functions of hormones, the correct answer is C, NONE OF THE ABOVE.