Nokea
Identify the type of study design described: The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to see whether the freshmen's recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This retrospective analysis constitutes a cohort study linking baseline characteristics to future outcomes.
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Which surveillance can watch for disease before patient seeks care?
- A. Surveillance based on a specific case definition for a disease(e.g., listeriosis).
- B. Syndromic surveillance based on symptoms, signs, or other characteristics of a disease.
- C. Both.
- D. Neither.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Syndromic surveillance detects outbreaks based on early symptoms reported even before patients seek medical care.
A random-digit dialed survey conducted in the City of Long Beach, California, reported that a greater proportion of nonsmokers endorsed a ban on smoking in alcohol-serving establishments than did smokers. What type of study design was this?
- A. Cross-sectional study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Ecologic study
- D. Cohort study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This is a cross-sectional study as it captures attitudes at one point in time without follow-up.
A case definition during an outbreak investigation should specify:
- A. Clinical features
- B. Time
- C. Place
- D. Person
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A good case definition includes clinical criteria and details on time, place, and person to ensure consistent identification of cases.
PNMR refers to:
- A. post Neonatal mortality rate
- B. post natal mortality rate
- C. perinatal mortality rate
- D. prenatal mortality rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Post-neonatal mortality rate refers to deaths occurring between 28 days and one year of age.
How does the 'healthy worker effect' influence the interpretation of findings from occupational health research?
- A. It tends to decrease mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- B. It tends to increase mortality differences between workers and the general population.
- C. It has no impact on mortality comparisons.
- D. It only affects morbidity rates.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The healthy worker effect biases comparisons because workers are generally healthier than the general population, reducing apparent mortality differences.