Nokea
If his R = 0.8 how much will his arterial pO2 fall?
- A. 85mmHg
- B. 75mmHg
- C. 60mmHg
- D. 50mmHg
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (50mmHg). To calculate the fall in arterial pO2, we use the formula: Fall in pO2 = (Initial pO2) - (Initial pO2 x R). If R = 0.8, the fall in pO2 = (100mmHg) - (100mmHg x 0.8) = 100mmHg - 80mmHg = 20mmHg. Therefore, the arterial pO2 will fall by 20mmHg. Among the choices, D (50mmHg) is the closest to the calculated value of 20mmHg, making it the correct answer. Other choices (A, B, C) do not align with the calculated fall in pO2.
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An emergency room nurse is assessing a male client who has sustained a blunt injury to the chest wall. Which of these signs would indicate the presence of a pneumothorax in this client?
- A. A low respiratory rate.
- B. Diminished breath sounds.
- C. The presence of a barrel chest.
- D. A sucking sound at the site of injury.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diminished breath sounds. In the case of a pneumothorax, air leaks into the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse partially. This results in diminished or absent breath sounds on the affected side. A low respiratory rate (A) is a general sign of respiratory distress but not specific to pneumothorax. The presence of a barrel chest (C) is associated with conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but not indicative of a pneumothorax. A sucking sound at the site of injury (D) is characteristic of an open pneumothorax, not necessarily present in all cases of pneumothorax.
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs in
- A. a gaseous form
- B. blood plasma.
- C. potassium carbonate ions.
- D. bicarbonate ions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bicarbonate ions. When carbon dioxide is produced by the body, it combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid. This carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions, which are more soluble and can easily travel to the lungs where they are converted back into carbon dioxide for exhalation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the form of bicarbonate ions, not as a gas, in blood plasma, or as potassium carbonate ions.
Which chamber of the heart is most commonly affected in heart failure?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Left ventricle. The left ventricle is the chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, making it the most commonly affected in heart failure. When the left ventricle weakens or becomes stiff, it can lead to inefficient pumping, causing fluid buildup and symptoms of heart failure. The other choices, A: Left atrium, B: Right atrium, and D: Right ventricle, are less commonly affected in heart failure as they have different functions in the heart's circulation.
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
- A. greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
- B. less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
- C. equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
- D. equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low. When the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) level is high, it binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for oxygen. This results in easier unloading of oxygen to tissues. In contrast, when the BPG level is low, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is higher, making it harder to release oxygen to tissues. Choices A and C are incorrect because high BPG levels decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, making it less than when BPG levels are low. Choice D is incorrect because pH levels do not directly affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen in the context of this question.
What is the name given to the respiratory ailment in which the bronchioles constrict severely?
- A. pleurisy
- B. emphysema
- C. bronchitis
- D. asthma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: asthma. Asthma is a respiratory ailment characterized by severe constriction of the bronchioles due to inflammation and muscle contraction. This leads to difficulty breathing and wheezing. Pleurisy (A) is inflammation of the lining of the lungs, emphysema (B) is a long-term lung disease, and bronchitis (C) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Asthma specifically refers to the bronchioles constriction, making it the correct choice.