Nokea
If skin-allergic samples for tuberculosis are negative:
- A. Antibiotics are prescribed
- B. Tuberculin is introduced
- C. A vaccine is administered
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B (Tuberculin is introduced) is correct:
1. Tuberculin test helps identify individuals with latent TB infection.
2. Negative skin-allergic samples suggest absence of active TB.
3. Introducing tuberculin can help confirm latent TB infection.
4. Antibiotics are not prescribed for negative skin-allergic samples.
5. Vaccines are not administered for TB diagnosis.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as antibiotics are not prescribed for negative skin-allergic samples.
- Choice C is incorrect as vaccines are not used for TB diagnosis.
- Choice D is incorrect as introducing tuberculin is the appropriate step in this scenario.
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A patient suffers from severe postoperative pseudomonadous infection. What of the following antibiotics should be administered in this case?
- A. Amicacin sulfate
- B. Benzylpenicillin
- C. Cephazolin
- D. Erythromycin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amikacin sulfate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly resistant to many antibiotics, but aminoglycosides like Amikacin have good activity against it. Step 1: Identify the pathogen causing the infection. Step 2: Consider the antibiotic's spectrum of activity against the pathogen. Step 3: Choose an antibiotic with proven efficacy. Amikacin is a good choice due to its effectiveness against Pseudomonas. Choice B, Benzylpenicillin, is a penicillin which is not effective against Pseudomonas. Choice C, Cephazolin, is a cephalosporin with limited activity against Pseudomonas. Choice D, Erythromycin, is a macrolide which is not effective against Pseudomonas.
Which of the following methods can be used for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections
- A. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract
- B. Immunofluorescence
- C. PCR
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract can identify specific pathogens, Immunofluorescence can detect viral antigens, and PCR can amplify and detect specific DNA/RNA sequences. Using all methods together provides a comprehensive approach for diagnosing respiratory tract infections. Culture alone may miss fastidious organisms, Immunofluorescence has limitations in sensitivity, and PCR requires specific primers. Therefore, combining these methods increases the likelihood of accurate diagnosis by covering a range of pathogens and improving sensitivity and specificity.
Which are the epidemic typhus vectors:
- A. Head lice
- B. Body lice
- C. Fleas
- D. Ticks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Head lice. Epidemic typhus is transmitted by the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, which is different from the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis. Head lice are not known to transmit epidemic typhus. Body lice are the primary vectors for transmitting epidemic typhus. Fleas are vectors for other diseases such as plague, not epidemic typhus. Ticks are vectors for various diseases but not for epidemic typhus. Therefore, the correct vector for epidemic typhus transmission is body lice, making choice A the correct answer.
A female patient has symptoms of inflammation of urogenital tracts. A smear from the vaginal mucous membrane contained big unicellular pyriform organisms with a sharp spike on the back end of their bodies; big nucleus and undulating membrane. What protozoa were revealed in the smear?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trichomonas hominis
- C. Trichomonas buccalis
- D. Trypanosoma gambiense
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection characterized by inflammation of urogenital tracts. The description of big unicellular pyriform organisms with a sharp spike on the back end of their bodies, big nucleus, and undulating membrane matches the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas hominis and Trichomonas buccalis are different species that do not cause urogenital infections. Trypanosoma gambiense is a protozoan parasite causing African trypanosomiasis and does not match the described morphology or symptoms.
The Wasserman reaction is markedly positive (++++) in a 30-year-old man. What infectious disease is diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction?
- A. Brucellosis
- B. Syphilis
- C. Poliomyelitis
- D. Influenza
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Syphilis. The Wasserman reaction is a test for syphilis, specifically for detecting antibodies against the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In a 30-year-old man with a markedly positive Wasserman reaction, it indicates an active syphilis infection. Brucellosis (Choice A) is not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Poliomyelitis (Choice C) is a viral infection affecting the spinal cord, not diagnosed using the Wasserman reaction. Influenza (Choice D) is a respiratory viral infection, not associated with the Wasserman reaction.