microbiology basic and clinical principles test bank

microbiology basic and clinical principles test bank Related

Review microbiology basic and clinical principles test bank related questions and content

The fluidlike portion of a cell is referred to as:

  • A. cytosol
  • B. nucleoplasm
  • C. cytoplasmic membrane
  • D. inclusion
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane is the fluidlike portion of a cell that separates the cell's contents from the external environment. It regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides protection.

Rationale:
1. Cytosol (choice A) is the liquid component of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended, not the fluidlike portion of the cell.
2. Nucleoplasm (choice B) refers to the liquid component of the nucleus, not the entire cell.
3. Inclusion (choice D) refers to non-living substances within the cell that are not considered the fluidlike portion.

Summary:
The cytoplasmic membrane is the correct answer as it encompasses the entire cell and is responsible for maintaining cell integrity and regulating transport. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the fluidlike portion of the cell.

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The infectious (non-sterile) immunity is:

  • A. cross-reactivity of antibodies
  • B. toxemia and formation of antitoxic antibodies
  • C. persistence of infectious agent
  • D. neutralization of infectious agent
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because infectious (non-sterile) immunity is achieved through the persistence of the infectious agent in the body, allowing the immune system to continuously recognize and combat the pathogen. This type of immunity provides long-lasting protection against future infections by the same agent.

Choice A (cross-reactivity of antibodies) is incorrect as it refers to the ability of antibodies to recognize similar antigens, not necessarily related to infectious immunity.

Choice B (toxemia and formation of antitoxic antibodies) is incorrect as it specifically relates to toxins produced by pathogens and the corresponding antibody response, not the persistence of the infectious agent itself.

Choice D (neutralization of infectious agent) is incorrect as it describes the process of antibodies binding to and inactivating pathogens, but it does not necessarily lead to long-term immunity through the persistence of the infectious agent.

A patient with fever and sore throat had a throat culture revealing Gram-positive cocci in chains. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic. What is the most likely causative agent?

  • A. Streptococcus pyogenes
  • B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • C. Enterococcus faecalis
  • D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes.
1. Gram-positive cocci in chains: characteristic of Streptococcus species.
2. Catalase-negative: Streptococcus species are catalase-negative.
3. Beta-hemolytic: S. pyogenes is beta-hemolytic on blood agar.
Therefore, S. pyogenes fits all these criteria.
B: Streptococcus pneumoniae is catalase-negative but alpha-hemolytic, not beta-hemolytic.
C: Enterococcus faecalis is catalase-negative, but not typically beta-hemolytic or in chains.
D: Staphylococcus aureus is catalase-positive and not in chains.

For tuberculosis prevention the newborns got an injection of a vaccine. What vaccine was used?

  • A. BCG
  • B. Mantoux
  • C. DTaP vaccine
  • D. Anatoxin
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG. BCG vaccine is commonly used for tuberculosis prevention because it provides immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mantoux is a test, not a vaccine. DTaP vaccine is for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, not tuberculosis. Anatoxin is a type of toxoid vaccine, not used for tuberculosis prevention. BCG vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of tuberculosis in infants, making it the appropriate choice in this scenario.

Which of the following bacteria can produce endotoxins that cause septic shock?

  • A. Escherichia coli
  • B. Salmonella enterica
  • C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of the mentioned bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are gram-negative bacteria that produce endotoxins in their cell walls. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria are destroyed, leading to the activation of the immune system and potentially causing septic shock. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are common causes of gastrointestinal infections, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for causing infections in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, all three bacteria can produce endotoxins that contribute to septic shock. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria individually can produce endotoxins that lead to septic shock.

Which type of bacteria are capable of surviving in high salt concentrations?

  • A. Acidophiles
  • B. Thermophiles
  • C. Halophiles
  • D. Mesophiles
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C: Halophiles

Rationale:
1. Halophiles are bacteria adapted to high salt environments.
2. They have specific mechanisms to tolerate high salt concentrations.
3. Acidophiles thrive in acidic conditions.
4. Thermophiles prefer high temperature environments.
5. Mesophiles grow best at moderate temperatures.

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