Nokea
A source of hospital-acquired infection could be:
- A. New patients in incubation period
- B. Medical staff
- C. Medical instruments
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices can contribute to hospital-acquired infections. New patients in the incubation period can spread infections, medical staff can inadvertently transmit infections, and contaminated medical instruments can also be a source of infections. Therefore, it is important to consider all these factors to prevent and control the spread of infections in a hospital setting.
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Complex communities of microorganisms on surfaces are called
- A. colonies
- B. biofilms
- C. biospheres
- D. flora
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: biofilms. Biofilms refer to complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces. They are characterized by a protective matrix that allows the microorganisms to communicate and cooperate. Colonies (A) typically refer to groups of a single species, not diverse communities. Biospheres (C) refer to the regions of the Earth where life exists, not specific microbial communities. Flora (D) generally refers to the plant life in a particular region, not microbial communities on surfaces.
According to the location of flagella on their surface, bacteria can be:
- A. Monotrichous
- B. Amphitrichous
- C. Peritrichous
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of these." Monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum at one end, amphitrichous have flagella at both ends, and peritrichous have flagella distributed all over the surface. The answer D is correct because it includes all these possibilities based on flagella location. Monotrichous is incorrect as it only refers to a single flagellum, amphitrichous is incorrect as it only refers to flagella at both ends, and peritrichous is incorrect as it only refers to flagella all over the surface. Therefore, the correct answer encompasses all these options.
The fluidlike portion of a cell is referred to as:
- A. cytosol
- B. nucleoplasm
- C. cytoplasmic membrane
- D. inclusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane is the fluidlike portion of a cell that separates the cell's contents from the external environment. It regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, maintains cell shape, and provides protection.
Rationale:
1. Cytosol (choice A) is the liquid component of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended, not the fluidlike portion of the cell.
2. Nucleoplasm (choice B) refers to the liquid component of the nucleus, not the entire cell.
3. Inclusion (choice D) refers to non-living substances within the cell that are not considered the fluidlike portion.
Summary:
The cytoplasmic membrane is the correct answer as it encompasses the entire cell and is responsible for maintaining cell integrity and regulating transport. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the fluidlike portion of the cell.
Unlike eukaryotic cytoplasm, the prokaryotic one is:
- A. More complex
- B. Simpler
- C. There is no difference in the structure
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Simpler. Prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler than eukaryotic cytoplasm because prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum that are present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains fewer components and structures compared to eukaryotic cytoplasm, making it less complex. Therefore, the prokaryotic cytoplasm is simpler in structure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because prokaryotic cytoplasm is not more complex than eukaryotic cytoplasm, there is a clear difference in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm, and the statement "None of the above" is not accurate as the correct answer is B.
A 28-year-old patient was hospitalized with preliminary diagnosis "influenza". Roseolous-petechial rash appeared on the 5th day of disease on the trunk. The temperature is 41oC. Hyperemia of face, reddening of scleras, tremor of tongue, tachycardia, splenomegaly are present. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Epidemic typhus
- B. Measles
- C. Alcohol delirium
- D. Leptospirosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most likely diagnosis is Epidemic typhus (Choice A) based on the symptoms described. The presence of roseolous-petechial rash, high fever (41oC), hyperemia of face, reddening of scleras, tremor of the tongue, tachycardia, and splenomegaly are classic signs of epidemic typhus. The rash typically appears around the 5th day of the disease.
Summary:
- B: Measles typically presents with a maculopapular rash starting on the face and spreading downward. It doesn't usually present with tremor of the tongue or splenomegaly.
- C: Alcohol delirium is characterized by confusion, disorientation, and hallucinations due to alcohol consumption. It doesn't match the symptoms described.
- D: Leptospirosis presents with fever, muscle pain, and conjunctival suffusion. It doesn't typically present with the specific rash and trem