Nokea
Impression smear of mucosa biopsy material has been obtained from a patient with peptic ulcer disease of the stomach. Gram-negative arcuate bent microorganisms were detected, urease activity test was positive. What microorganisms were detected in the patient?
- A. Helicobacter
- B. Spirochete
- C. Spirilla
- D. Leptospira
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Helicobacter. Helicobacter pylori is the main causative agent of peptic ulcer disease and is characterized by its gram-negative arcuate bent shape and positive urease activity. Helicobacter pylori specifically colonizes the stomach mucosa and is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders. Spirochetes (choice B), spirilla (choice C), and Leptospira (choice D) are not typically associated with peptic ulcer disease or stomach mucosa infections, making them incorrect choices in this context.
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Cytomegalovirus infections are caused by the human herpesvirus:
- A. 2
- B. 3
- C. 4
- D. 5
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Cytomegalovirus infections are caused by human herpesvirus 5, also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV). This virus belongs to the Herpesviridae family, genus Betaherpesvirinae. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not correspond to the specific virus responsible for causing Cytomegalovirus infections.
In which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate?
- A. Prophase
- B. Metaphase
- C. Anaphase
- D. Telophase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the centromeres. Prophase is the phase where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase is when chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Telophase is when the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense. Therefore, anaphase is the correct phase for chromatid separation.
Infection of several persons without any epidemiological link is
- A. epidemic
- B. sporadic disease
- C. endemic
- D. pandemic
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: sporadic disease. Infection of several persons without any epidemiological link is considered sporadic because it occurs in a random and isolated manner, with no clear pattern or connection between cases. It is not classified as an epidemic (A) because it does not involve a sudden increase in the number of cases within a specific population. It is also not endemic (C) as endemic diseases are constantly present in a particular region or population. Lastly, it is not a pandemic (D) which refers to a global outbreak affecting a large number of people across different countries.
Microorganisms of various species are often organized into complex communities on a surface and are called __________.
- A. colonies
- B. biofilms
- C. ecosystems
- D. plagues
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: biofilms. Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms that adhere to a surface and are embedded in a matrix. This is the most appropriate term as it specifically describes the organization of various species into complex communities on a surface. Colonies (A) refer to groups of cells of the same species, not necessarily multiple species. Ecosystems (C) are broader systems involving interactions between living organisms and their environment. Plagues (D) are outbreaks of disease, not a term used to describe organized microbial communities.
When cultured on solid growth media, bacteria with long O-specific chains form:
- A. Smooth S colonies
- B. Rough R colonies
- C. Mucoid -M colonies
- D. H colonies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smooth S colonies. Bacteria with long O-specific chains are known as smooth strains, and when cultured on solid growth media, they form smooth colonies due to the presence of the O antigen. This gives them a glossy appearance. Rough R colonies (Choice B) lack O antigen and appear rough. Mucoid -M colonies (Choice C) are associated with capsules, not O-specific chains. H colonies (Choice D) are not relevant to the O-specific chains. Smooth S colonies are the characteristic phenotype of bacteria with long O-specific chains when cultured on solid media.