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What measures should be applied to prevent hospital-acquired infections:
- A. Isolation of the source
- B. Isolation of the risk patients
- C. Measures to increase the resistance of the patient to infections
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all measures mentioned are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections. Isolating the source helps prevent the spread of infections. Isolating at-risk patients reduces their exposure. Increasing patient resistance to infections through proper hygiene and immunizations minimizes susceptibility. Each measure plays a crucial role in infection prevention, making all options correct.
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On the territory of a certain region the mass death of rodents was observed. It was assumed that it may be caused by plague agent. What serological reaction should be applied for quick determination of antigen of this epizootic agent?
- A. Precipitation reaction
- B. Agglutination reaction
- C. Reaction of passive hemagglutination
- D. Bordet-Gengou test
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Agglutination reaction. This is the most suitable serological reaction for the quick determination of the antigen of the epizootic agent causing mass rodent deaths. In agglutination reaction, antibodies cause the clumping of antigens, allowing for easy visual detection of the presence of the specific antigen. This is efficient for rapid diagnosis in cases of suspected infectious diseases like plague.
A: Precipitation reaction is more suitable for identifying soluble antigens, not for quick determination of a specific antigen in this scenario.
C: Reaction of passive hemagglutination is used for measuring the presence of antibodies, not antigens.
D: Bordet-Gengou test is a specific test for the identification of Bordetella pertussis bacterium, not suitable for this scenario.
Bacteria that prefer high levels of salt in their growing environment are referred to as:
- A. calciphiles
- B. halophiles
- C. osmophiles
- D. mesophiles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: halophiles. Halophiles are bacteria that thrive in high salt environments. They have adapted to survive and grow in areas with high salt concentrations. This preference for high salt levels is what distinguishes halophiles from other types of bacteria.
A: Calciphiles are bacteria that prefer high levels of calcium.
C: Osmophiles are bacteria that thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations.
D: Mesophiles are bacteria that prefer moderate temperature ranges for growth.
In summary, the correct term for bacteria that prefer high levels of salt in their growing environment is halophiles, making choices A, C, and D incorrect in this context.
The generation time of Escherichia coli is
- A. 20 min
- B. 60 min
- C. 20 hours
- D. 24 hours
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (20 min) because Escherichia coli typically has a generation time of around 20 minutes, meaning the time it takes for a bacterial population to double. This rapid reproduction rate is a key characteristic of E. coli. Option B (60 min) is incorrect as it is longer than the usual generation time. Option C (20 hours) is too long for E. coli's generation time. Option D (24 hours) is also incorrect as it is much longer than the typical generation time of E. coli.
The biosafety level necessary in water testing facilities is level
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1. Water testing facilities typically handle low-risk microorganisms, hence requiring Biosafety Level 1. BSL 1 is suitable for working with well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adults. BSL 2 is for moderate-risk agents, BSL 3 for high-risk agents, and BSL 4 for dangerous pathogens. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect for water testing facilities due to the low risk involved in handling the microorganisms found in water samples.
Which of the following lack nucleic acids?
- A. Archaea
- B. Viruses
- C. Prions
- D. Bacteria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Prions. Prions are infectious proteins that lack nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, which are essential components of all other living organisms, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Viruses. Prions are unique in their ability to cause protein misfolding and aggregation in the brain, leading to various neurodegenerative diseases. The other choices (A: Archaea, B: Viruses, D: Bacteria) all contain nucleic acids in the form of DNA or RNA, making them distinct from prions. Therefore, C is the correct answer in this case.