Nokea
Microscopic examination of a Gramstained scrape from patient's tongue revealed oval, round, elongated chains of dark-violet gemmating cells. What disease can be caused by this causative agent?
- A. Candidosis
- B. Actinomycosis
- C. Diphtheria
- D. Staphylococcic infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Oval, round, elongated chains of gemmating cells indicate yeast-like budding cells seen in Candida species.
Step 2: Candidosis is caused by Candida species, which is commonly found in the oral cavity and can cause infections on the tongue.
Step 3: Candidosis presents as white patches or plaques on the tongue.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Candidosis.
Summary:
B: Actinomycosis is caused by Actinomyces species, which are filamentous bacteria, not oval budding cells.
C: Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which appears as gram-positive rods in chains, not oval budding cells.
D: Staphylococcal infections are caused by Staphylococcus species, which appear as clusters of cocci, not oval budding cells.
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The family Reoviridae includes the genera:
- A. Genus orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Orbivirus
- B. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbfiloviridae
- C. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, orbivirus
- D. Genus orthoretrovirus, Retrovirus, Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it lists the genera that belong to the family Reoviridae accurately. Orthoreovirus and Rotavirus are well-known genera within the family Reoviridae. Orbivirus is another genus belonging to the same family.
Choice B is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbfiloviridae is also not a valid genus within this family.
Choice C is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbivirus is the correct genus but the other two are inaccurate.
Choice D is incorrect because Orthoretrovirus and Retrovirus are not part of the Reoviridae family. Orbarenaviridaefiloviridae is not a valid genus within Reoviridae.
A family has two children. The younger child is under the year. The child has developed spastic cough attacks. Similar clinical presentation was observed in the elder preschool child one month ago. The doctor suspects pertussis infection. What method enables retrospective diagnostics of this disease?
- A. Serological
- B. Biological
- C. Bacteriological
- D. Molecular biological
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Serological. Serological testing involves analyzing blood samples for specific antibodies produced in response to the pertussis infection. This method can detect past infections by identifying the presence of antibodies against the pertussis bacteria in the blood. In this case, since the doctor suspects pertussis infection in both children, serological testing can confirm if they have been exposed to the bacteria.
Summary:
B: Biological testing does not specifically target pertussis antibodies in the blood.
C: Bacteriological testing involves culturing bacteria from samples, which may not be as sensitive for retrospective diagnosis.
D: Molecular biological testing focuses on genetic material of the bacteria, which may not provide direct evidence of past infection.
Which one is true for the bacterial cell?
- A. The oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria
- B. Capsules are essential organelles
- C. Has only DNA but not RNA
- D. Multiplies by binary fission
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Multiplies by binary fission. Bacterial cells reproduce through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for bacterial growth and multiplication.
A: The oxidative phosphorylation does not take place in the mitochondria of bacterial cells but in the cell membrane.
B: Capsules are not organelles but outer protective layers found in some bacterial cells.
C: Bacterial cells contain both DNA and RNA, essential for their genetic information and protein synthesis.
The term bacilli is related to:
- A. Bacteria that obtain red color in gram staining
- B. Spore-forming bacteria
- C. Those having a peptidoglycan up to 1-2%
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The term bacilli refers to rod-shaped bacteria, typically found in the Gram-positive group. Spore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium, are characterized by their rod shape. Choice A is incorrect as the color in Gram staining does not define bacilli. Choice C is incorrect as peptidoglycan content does not determine the classification of bacilli. Choice D is incorrect as bacilli do have a specific characteristic. Therefore, the correct answer is B due to the shape and characteristic of spore-forming bacteria.
Which of the following bacteria is known for causing Lyme disease?
- A. Borrelia burgdorferi
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium is known for causing Lyme disease, which is transmitted through tick bites. Borrelia burgdorferi is specifically associated with Lyme disease due to its ability to infect and spread within the body, leading to a range of symptoms if left untreated.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: Clostridium difficile - Known for causing gastrointestinal infections, not Lyme disease.
C: Streptococcus pneumoniae - Commonly causes pneumonia and other respiratory infections, not Lyme disease.
D: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Causes tuberculosis, a respiratory disease, not Lyme disease.