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In a clinical research study on intestinal motility, a 24-year-old male graduate student is involved. The peristalsis of the small intestine:
- A. Aids in the mixing of the food bolus
- B. Is regulated by the central nervous system (CNS)
- C. Includes the contraction of circular smooth muscle both behind and in front of the food bolus
- D. Encompasses the contraction of circular smooth muscle behind the food bolus and the relaxation of circular smooth muscle in front of the bolus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Peristalsis involves circular muscle contraction behind the bolus and relaxation ahead, propelling it forward.
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About Vermilion zone, all true except:
- A. Covered by modified skin
- B. Transitional zone between outer & inner labial surfaces.
- C. Its epithelium is thicker than skin covering outer labial surface
- D. The dermal papillae beneath the epidermis are numerous, deep and highly vascular.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The vermilion zone's epithelium is thinner than the outer labial skin, not thicker, allowing the underlying vascularity to show through, giving it a red appearance.
The nurse is caring for a client who is returning from the operating room following a cholecystectomy, or removal of the gallbladder. The nurse knows that the function of the gallbladder is to:
- A. Manufacture bile
- B. Concentrate bile
- C. Remove toxins from the blood
- D. Make albumin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile produced by the liver.
The nurse is caring for a client who is returning from the operating room following a cholecystectomy, or removal of the gallbladder. The nurse knows that the function of the gallbladder is to:
- A. Manufacture bile
- B. Concentrate bile
- C. Remove toxins from the blood
- D. Make albumin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile produced by the liver.
If the kidney is damaged it may result in reduced erythrocytes. Why?
- A. Kidney makes erythropoietin. If it is damaged the hormone production decreases and therefore erythrocyte production decreases
- B. The kidney stimulates iron uptake. If it is damaged the iron levels decrease and therefore erythrocyte production decreases
- C. The kidney maintains the health of erythrocytes so if it is damaged they die more quickly
- D. The injured kidney needs erythrocytes to repair itself they therefore get used up more quickly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Kidney damage reduces erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
How much of your blood passes through your kidneys each day?
- A. half of it
- B. none of it
- C. all of it
- D. one-quarter of it
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: All of your blood is filtered by the kidneys multiple times daily to remove wastes.