Contemporary Issues in Nursing

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In attempting to decide which services should be offered to a community, the public health nurse decides to implement hypertension screening and treatment because most of the residents are hypertensive. This decision is based on the principle of:

  • A. veracity.
  • B. values.
  • C. utilitarianism.
  • D. autonomy.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the ethical principle that actions should be chosen based on their ability to maximize overall happiness or well-being. In this scenario, implementing hypertension screening and treatment for a community where most residents are hypertensive aligns with utilitarianism as it aims to benefit the greatest number of people by improving their health outcomes. This decision focuses on the overall good of the community, making it the most ethical choice.

Rationale for why other choices are incorrect:
A: Veracity is the principle of truthfulness. While honesty is important in healthcare decision-making, it is not the primary factor in this scenario.
B: Values refer to personal beliefs and principles. While values may influence decision-making, the primary focus in this scenario is on maximizing community health outcomes.
D: Autonomy is the principle of respecting individuals' right to make their own decisions. While autonomy is important in healthcare, it is not the guiding principle in this scenario where the focus is

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A nurse is interested in learning how reminiscence therapy can improve memory in cognitively intact persons over the age of 65 years. Findings from three groups are compared. Group 1 receives music therapy, Group 2 receives life review therapy, and Group 3 does not receive therapy, but data are collected from all three groups and compared. Group 3 is known as the:

  • A. pilot study.
  • B. survey.
  • C. needs assessment.
  • D. control group.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: control group. In this study design, Group 3 serves as the control group to compare the effects of music therapy and life review therapy on memory. The control group does not receive any intervention, allowing researchers to isolate the impact of the therapies. This helps determine if any observed improvements in memory are due to the therapies and not other factors. A pilot study (A) is a small-scale preliminary investigation, not a comparison group. A survey (B) is a data collection method, not a comparison group. A needs assessment (C) is used to determine needs, not a comparison group. Thus, the control group is essential in research to establish causal relationships.

A patient who is just beginning to use homeopathy to treat depression is concerned because symptoms are actually becoming worse with increasing sadness, anxiety, and fatigue. The practitioner of homeopathy bases teaching on the Law of Cure and instructs the patient to:

  • A. discontinue the therapy and seek another alternative therapy.
  • B. concentrate the preparation to increase its potency in hopes to improve depressive symptoms.
  • C. increase the dosage of the substance to increase its effectiveness.
  • D. remain on the current regimen since worsening is a positive sign that healing is occurring.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: The Law of Cure in homeopathy states that symptoms improve in the reverse order of their appearance.
Step 2: The worsening of symptoms initially is known as a healing crisis or aggravation.
Step 3: By remaining on the current regimen, the patient allows the body to go through the healing process.
Step 4: This indicates that the body is responding to the remedy and working towards a deeper level of healing.
Step 5: Discontinuing therapy or increasing potency/dosage may disrupt this natural healing process.

World War I contributed to the advancement of health care by:

  • A. increasing the number of private care hospitals and decreasing the role of public health services.
  • B. employing a large number of civilians to provide care to returning soldiers through the Red Cross.
  • C. introducing specialists in nursing such as nurse anesthetists.
  • D. increasing the number of community health nurses.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because World War I led to the introduction of specialized roles in nursing, such as nurse anesthetists, to address the increasing medical needs of soldiers. This advancement in nursing specialization improved the quality of care provided during the war and paved the way for future developments in healthcare.

Choice A is incorrect because World War I actually increased the role of public health services to address the healthcare needs of the population during the war. Choice B is incorrect as the Red Cross primarily provided emergency medical care during the war, not long-term healthcare advancements. Choice D is incorrect as there is no direct evidence that World War I specifically increased the number of community health nurses.

A client who is reading a newspaper asks, "This article about health care states that many providers of health care lack effectiveness. What is the difference between effectiveness and efficiency?" The nurse explains that:

  • A. effective means performing the correct test or intervention whereas efficiency refers to the wise use of supplies and resources for the desired outcome.
  • B. effective refers to competence in clinical practice and efficiency describes quick completion of the task.
  • C. efficiency means wasting and meeting a minimum standard and effectiveness refers to taking all the time needed to exceed expectations.
  • D. efficiency refers to speed and effectiveness refers to the usefulness of the implementation.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Define effectiveness and efficiency - Effectiveness is achieving the intended outcome, while efficiency is achieving the outcome with minimal waste.
Step 2: Analyze option A - It correctly defines effectiveness as performing the correct test or intervention and efficiency as the wise use of supplies and resources for the desired outcome.
Step 3: Justification - The nurse explains that many healthcare providers lack effectiveness, indicating they are not achieving the desired outcomes, which aligns with the definition of effectiveness in option A.
Step 4: Summary of incorrect choices - B incorrectly defines efficiency as quick completion of tasks, C confuses efficiency with wastage, and D incorrectly associates efficiency with speed rather than minimal waste.

A nursing student planning to apply for licensure knows that being charged with which offense would result in a minor criminal offense?

  • A. Solicitation of illegal drugs
  • B. Stealing a car
  • C. Failing to report elder abuse
  • D. Billing Medicare for services not rendered
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Solicitation of illegal drugs. This offense typically results in a minor criminal offense because it involves attempting to purchase or obtain illegal drugs, which is considered a less serious crime compared to the other choices. Stealing a car (B) is a major criminal offense, as it involves theft of property. Failing to report elder abuse (C) is a serious offense as it neglects the duty to protect vulnerable individuals. Billing Medicare for services not rendered (D) is a form of fraud and can result in severe consequences. Therefore, the solicitation of illegal drugs is the least serious offense among the options provided.

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