Chronic Disease Questions

Chronic Disease Questions Related

Review Chronic Disease Questions related questions and content

In Europe and the USA, drugs licensed for use in intrathecal drug delivery systems include:

  • A. Diamorphine.
  • B. Methadone.
  • C. Morphine.
  • D. Ziconotide.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) use specific licensed drugs in Europe and the USA. Morphine is widely approved for its efficacy in cancer and chronic pain, binding spinal opioid receptors with a strong evidence base. Ziconotide, a non-opioid, is also licensed, targeting calcium channels for refractory cases. Diamorphine (heroin) isn't licensed intrathecally; it's used epidurally or systemically in some regions (e.g., UK palliative care) but lacks IDDS approval. Methadone's long half-life and oral efficacy preclude intrathecal use; it's not licensed. Ketamine has experimental use but no formal approval. Morphine's prominence stems from its pharmacokinetic suitability high potency and spinal receptor affinity making it a cornerstone of IDDS therapy alongside ziconotide.

You may also like to solve these questions

Which of the following is NOT involved with weight regulation?

  • A. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC)
  • B. The lateral geniculate nucleus
  • C. The lateral hypothalamic area
  • D. The paraventricular nucleus
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Weight's brain game ARC, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and solitary tract tunes hunger, satiety, and energy via hormones and gut signals. The lateral geniculate nucleus, a vision hub, sits out, irrelevant to food's dance. Clinicians map this circuitry, targeting obesity's roots, a chronic fix sidestepping eyeballs.

A nurse is caring for a client who has recently diagnosed with left ventricular heart failure. What is an early sign the client is most likely to report?

  • A. Dyspnea on exertion
  • B. Abdominal distention
  • C. Swollen legs
  • D. Weight gain
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Left ventricular failure backs blood into lungs dyspnea on exertion hits early as fluid seeps, taxing breathing during activity, a telltale sign before systemic effects. Abdominal distention or leg swelling marks right-sided or late failure. Weight gain tracks fluid, not initial. Nurses catch dyspnea, educating clients to report it, key to early management in this progressive pump failure.

Which of the following interventions would be best for the child who has developed mucositis as a side effect of chemotherapy?

  • A. Using lemon glycerin swabs for oral hygiene.
  • B. Keeping the child NPO until all sores are healed.
  • C. Having the child swish and swallow viscous lidocaine.
  • D. Giving the child pudding for breakfast.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mucositis, a painful chemotherapy side effect, involves inflamed, ulcerated mucous membranes, often in the mouth, complicating eating and hygiene. Offering pudding a soft, bland, cool food is the best intervention, as it minimizes irritation and pain, encouraging nutrition without exacerbating sores. Lemon glycerin swabs are harsh, with citric acid and chemicals worsening discomfort and delaying healing. Keeping the child NPO (nothing by mouth) for weeks until sores heal is impractical and risks malnutrition, as mucositis can persist throughout chemotherapy. Viscous lidocaine might numb pain but is a last resort if the child refuses all intake, not a first-line comfort measure. Pudding supports hydration and calorie intake safely, aligning with nursing's goal to maintain nutrition and comfort in pediatric oncology, reducing mucositis-related distress effectively.

Mr Tan aged 50 years old has a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg taken on waking up and 140/90 mmHg at night. He also has a UAE of 200 mg/24 hours. He has type 2 diabetes. Which of the following actions will be most likely reduce the UAE to normal?

  • A. Get the patient to lose 10% of his body weight
  • B. Prescribe a SGLT2 e.g. empagliflozin
  • C. Control the blood pressure to 130/80 mmHg
  • D. Get the patient to exercise 150 minutes a week
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: UAE 200, diabetes BP to 130/80 slashes albumin; weight, SGLT2, exercise, nifedipine help less direct. Nurses hit this chronic kidney key.

Diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the microvasculature and macrovasculature. Question: The microvasculature is involved in which of the following disorders?

  • A. Nephropathy
  • B. Retinopathy
  • C. Polyneuropathy
  • D. All answers are correct
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Diabetes' micro hits kidneys, eyes, nerves all bleed small, no dodge. Nurses track this, a chronic tiny vessel trio.

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