Nokea
In febrile convulsions:
- A. Familial predisposition is the same as in idiopathic epilepsy
- B. Carbamazepine achieves good seizure control
- C. Shigella dysentery may be a cause
- D. Deafness can occur if seizure is prolonged
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Shigella dysentery, a bacterial infection, can cause febrile convulsions in children due to the high fever associated with the infection.
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Neurodegenerative diseases include the following:
- A. Niemann-Pick disease
- B. Metachromatic leukodystrophy
- C. Leigh's encephalopathy
- D. Canavan disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Niemann-Pick disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. The other options (b-e) are also neurodegenerative diseases.
Changes that occur in CVS and Respiratory system at birth
- A. Increase in pulmonary Vascular resistance
- B. Increase in Oxygen concentration in Aorta
- C. Increase in the right Ventricular Pressure
- D. Reversal of flow through the ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: At birth, oxygen concentration increases in the aorta as lungs begin functioning.
Which is a clinical manifestation of the systemic venous congestion that can occur with heart failure?
- A. Tachypnea
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Peripheral edema
- D. Pale, cool extremities
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peripheral edema, especially periorbital edema, is a clinical manifestation of systemic venous congestion. Tachypnea is a manifestation of pulmonary congestion. Tachycardia and pale, cool extremities are clinical manifestations of impaired myocardial function.
Renin:
- A. Is secreted mainly in extrarenal tissues
- B. Secretion increases on lying supine
- C. Secretion increases with potassium
- D. Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. The other options are incorrect because renin is not mainly secreted in extrarenal tissues its secretion does not increase on lying supine or with potassium and it does not regulate osmolality.
The following investigations are not needed in a 3-year old on TPN for the past 3 weeks:
- A. Serum selenium
- B. Serum manganese
- C. Serum iron
- D. Serum calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because serum iron is not typically monitored in children on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The other options (a, b, d, e) are commonly monitored to prevent deficiencies or toxicities.