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In humans, transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is carried out by ________.
- A. sodium ions
- B. potassium ions
- C. neurotransmitter molecules
- D. the nodes of Ranvier
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is mediated by neurotransmitter molecules. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These chemicals bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a new electrical signal. Neurotransmitters are essential for communication between neurons and play a key role in neural signaling.
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One of the most widely used tests of executive functioning is the:
- A. Manhattan card sorting test.
- B. Quebec number sorting task.
- C. Wisconsin card sorting test.
- D. Minnesota number ordering test.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a widely used neuropsychological test designed to assess executive functions, such as problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing rules. During the test, individuals must sort cards based on different criteria (e.g., color, shape) and adjust their strategy when the sorting rules change. This test is particularly useful for evaluating frontal lobe function and identifying deficits in executive functioning.
The nurse is participating in the preparation of a seminar on the neurologic system for a community health fair. Which part of the system is the nurse referring when the statement 'rest and digest' is included?
- A. Left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
- B. Right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
- C. Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- D. Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, such as digestion and relaxation. The sympathetic division mediates the 'fight-or-flight' response, while the cerebral hemispheres are involved in higher cognitive functions. Understanding the autonomic nervous system is key to explaining physiological responses.
Which is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery?
- A. ophthalmic artery
- B. anterior cerebral artery
- C. middle cerebral artery
- D. striate artery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery and supplies a significant portion of the cerebral cortex, including areas responsible for motor and sensory functions.
The deep groove that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the _______.
- A. precentral gyrus
- B. postcentral gyrus
- C. central sulcus
- D. longitudinal fissure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The longitudinal fissure is the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. It is a prominent anatomical feature that allows for the division of the brain into left and right hemispheres, each responsible for different functions.
The nurse is preparing a client with multiple sclerosis (MS) for discharge from the hospital to home. The nurse should tell the client:
- A. You will need to accept the necessity for a quiet and inactive lifestyle.
- B. Keep active, use stress reduction strategies, and avoid fatigue.
- C. Follow good health habits to change the course of the disease.
- D. Practice using the mechanical aids that you will need when future disabilities arise.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Encouraging activity, stress reduction, and fatigue management is essential for maintaining quality of life in MS. A completely inactive lifestyle is not recommended.