Nokea
In LN naïve T cells and activated dendritic cells interact in the
- A. Subcapsular sinus
- B. Cortex
- C. Paracortex
- D. Medulla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paracortex. Naïve T cells circulate through the blood and lymphatic system until they encounter antigens presented by activated dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. The paracortex is the region where T cell activation and proliferation occur, leading to an immune response. The subcapsular sinus (A) is primarily involved in filtering lymph fluid, the cortex (B) contains B cell follicles, and the medulla (D) contains plasma cells and macrophages. Thus, the paracortex is the specific site of interaction between naïve T cells and activated dendritic cells in lymph nodes.
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What is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Shifting of bicarbonate into cells in exchange for chloride
- B. Kidney conservation of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
- C. Deep,rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations) to increase CO2 excretion
- D. Decreased respiratory rate and depth to retain CO2 and kidney excretion of bicarbonate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the body decreases respiratory rate to retain CO2 and excretes bicarbonate via kidneys.
What are the essential nursing actions that should be taken for a client with an immune system disorder?
- A. Monitor client for depression.
- B. Monitor client for infusion reactions.
- C. Review drug references.
- D. Advise the client on modifying the home environment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monitoring for infusion reactions is critical as clients with immune disorders often receive biologic therapies that can cause severe allergic or infusion-related reactions.
You have developed a nursing diagnosis of Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements for a hospitalized patient with AIDS who has anorexia and nausea. Which of these nursing actions is most appropriate to delegate to an LPN who is providing care to this patient?
- A. Administer oxandrolone (Oxandrin) 5 mg daily in morning.
- B. Provide oral care with a soft toothbrush every 8 hours.
- C. Instruct the patient about a high-calorie,high-protein diet.
- D. Assess the patient for other nutrition risk factors.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing oral care is a routine task that can be safely delegated to an LPN. Administering medications instructing about diet and assessing nutrition risk factors require more advanced knowledge and skills which are typically within the scope of an RN.
Which defense function is a specialty of both IgG and IgA antibody?
- A. Neonatal immunity
- B. Opsonization
- C. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Opsonization. Both IgG and IgA antibodies can participate in opsonization, which involves tagging pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. IgG and IgA have specific receptors on phagocytes that recognize the tagged pathogens, enhancing their clearance. Neonatal immunity (choice A) is primarily mediated by IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells (choice C) is mainly associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions. Complement activation (choice D) mainly involves IgM and IgG antibodies, leading to a cascade of reactions for pathogen elimination.
Concerning with NLRs, which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Are cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs
- B. Include NOD receptors
- C. In Drosophila also important for embryonic development
- D. Similar proteins are also found in plants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because NLRs are not important for embryonic development in Drosophila. NLRs are primarily involved in immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol. Choice A is correct as NLRs are indeed cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs. Choice B is correct as NOD receptors are a subset of NLRs. Choice D is correct as similar proteins to NLRs are also found in plants, known as NBS-LRR proteins. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C, as NLRs are not essential for embryonic development in Drosophila.