Nokea
Lymph consists of fluid that:
- A. Is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries
- B. Carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes
- C. Is secreted by lymphocytes
- D. Two of these options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. A is correct as lymph is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries.
2. B is correct as lymph carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes.
3. C is incorrect as lymph is not secreted by lymphocytes.
4. Therefore, D is correct as both A and B accurately describe the components and functions of lymph.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. A B cell epitope will often be destroyed by denaturation
- B. A pathogen will often have more than one B cell epitope
- C. A B cell epitope is the part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen
- D. B cell epitopes are most commonly found on the surface of pathogens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a B cell epitope is not a part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen. B cell epitopes are specific regions on an antigen that bind to B cell receptors. Choice A is incorrect because denaturation can expose B cell epitopes. Choice B is incorrect because pathogens typically have multiple B cell epitopes. Choice D is incorrect because B cell epitopes can be found on various parts of pathogens, not just on the surface.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.
Individuals unable to make the J protein found in certain immunoglobulins would be expected to have frequent infections of the
- A. intestinal tract
- B. blood.
- C. liver.
- D. pancreas.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: intestinal tract. The J protein is crucial for the proper functioning of immunoglobulins in the mucosal immune system, which plays a major role in defending against pathogens in the intestinal tract. Without the J protein, individuals would have impaired immune responses in the gut, leading to frequent infections in the intestinal tract. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the J protein deficiency specifically affects the mucosal immune system in the intestinal tract, not the blood, liver, or pancreas.
A heart attack is
- A. damage to cardiac muscle
- B. Typically from a blocked coronary artery
- C. Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head
- D. A & b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, involves damage to the cardiac muscle due to a blocked coronary artery. Choice A is correct as it directly relates to the definition of a heart attack. Choice B is also correct as a blocked coronary artery is the main cause of decreased blood flow to the heart muscle leading to a heart attack. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a stroke, which is the death of brain tissue due to blocked arteries in the head, not a heart attack. Therefore, A & B (choices A and B) are the correct options, making D the correct answer.
PRRs able to activate NFκB include
- A. TLR4
- B. NOD1
- C. NLRP3
- D. Both A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both TLR4 and NOD1 are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can activate the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides, while NOD1 detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. NLRP3, choice C, is an inflammasome receptor that activates caspase-1, not NF-κB. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly activate NF-κB like TLR4 and NOD1.