Nokea
In mammals ventilation movements of lungs are governed by
- A. Muscular wall of lungs
- B. Inter costal muscles
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Diaphragm and inter coastal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing, respectively. Intercostal muscles aid in expanding and contracting the rib cage to assist in breathing. The combination of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles working together ensures efficient ventilation of the lungs in mammals. Choices A and B are incorrect because the muscular wall of the lungs and intercostal muscles alone are not solely responsible for regulating ventilation. Choice C is incorrect because the diaphragm alone does not govern ventilation movements without the assistance of the intercostal muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately reflects the coordinated effort of both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in regulating lung ventilation.
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What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on the excretion of bicarbonate in the urine?
- A. Increased excretion
- B. Decreased excretion
- C. No effect on excretion
- D. Increased reabsorption
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the kidney. Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase reduces bicarbonate reabsorption, leading to increased excretion of bicarbonate in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Incorrect choices:
B: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would decrease bicarbonate reabsorption, resulting in increased excretion, not decreased.
C: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase does have an effect on bicarbonate excretion.
D: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would not increase reabsorption but rather decrease it, leading to increased excretion.
When teaching a patient with heart failure on a 2000-mg sodium diet. Which foods should the nurse recommend limiting?
- A. Chicken
- B. Fresh spinach
- C. Eggs
- D. Milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Milk. Milk is a high sodium food and can contribute significantly to a patient's daily sodium intake. For a patient on a 2000-mg sodium diet, it is crucial to limit high sodium foods like milk to prevent fluid retention and worsening of heart failure symptoms. Other choices (A, B, C) are lower in sodium compared to milk. Chicken, fresh spinach, and eggs are generally good protein sources with lower sodium content and can be included in moderation in a 2000-mg sodium diet for a heart failure patient.
The nurse is caring for a 30-year-old American Indian female who is taking Rifater, a drug
containing rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. The patient asks how long she will have to
take the medication. Which response explains when the patient may discontinue the
medication?
- A. When the sputum culture comes back negative.
- B. When the medication has been taken for 9 months
- C. When three consecutive sputum cultures are negative
- D. When the tuberculin skin test (TST) is no longer positive
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: When three consecutive sputum cultures are negative. This indicates successful treatment completion and eradication of the tuberculosis infection. A negative sputum culture confirms that the patient is no longer infectious and can safely discontinue the medication.
Choice A is incorrect because a single negative sputum culture does not guarantee complete eradication of the infection. Choice B is incorrect as the standard treatment duration for tuberculosis is typically 6-9 months, but discontinuation should be based on sputum culture results. Choice D is incorrect as the TST can remain positive even after successful treatment, as it reflects exposure to the tuberculosis bacteria, not active infection status.
A nurse is assessing a client who is recovering from a lung biopsy. The client's breath sounds are absent. While another nurse calls the Rapid Response Team
- A. what action by the nurse takes is most important?
- B. Take a full set of vital signs.
- C. Obtain pulse oximetry reading.
- D. Ask the patient about hemoptysis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, taking a full set of vital signs, as it is crucial in assessing the client's overall condition and detecting any signs of deterioration. Vital signs include blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, which provide valuable information about the client's cardiovascular and respiratory status. In this scenario, absent breath sounds indicate potential respiratory compromise, making it essential to monitor vital signs for any signs of respiratory distress or instability.
Choice A is incorrect because calling the Rapid Response Team is important, but assessing the client's vital signs should take priority to provide immediate information on the client's condition. Choice C, obtaining pulse oximetry reading, is also important but may not provide a comprehensive assessment of the client's overall condition compared to a full set of vital signs. Choice D, asking about hemoptysis, is not the most urgent action to take in this situation as assessing vital signs would provide more immediate and critical information for the client's management.
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
- A. increase surface area
- B. exchange gases
- C. maintain surface tension
- D. maintain air pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The function of the conchae in the nasal cavity is to increase surface area. By increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity, conchae help to humidify, filter, and warm the air entering the respiratory system. This ensures optimal conditions for efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Choice B (exchange gases) is incorrect because gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, not in the nasal cavity. Choice C (maintain surface tension) is incorrect as surface tension is typically associated with liquid interfaces, not with the nasal cavity. Choice D (maintain air pressure) is also incorrect because the conchae do not play a direct role in maintaining air pressure within the nasal cavity.