Nokea
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
- A. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern
- B. prolongs inspiration
- C. modifies the rate and depth of breathing
- D. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the pneumotaxic center in the pons modifies the rate and depth of breathing by sending inhibitory signals to the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla, which controls inspiration and expiration. It does not set the at-rest respiratory pattern like option A, prolong inspiration like option B, or suppress the expiratory center in the medulla like option D. This center plays a crucial role in fine-tuning breathing patterns to maintain appropriate oxygen levels in the body.
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All of the following are unpaired cartilage of larynx except
- A. epiglottis
- B. cricoid
- C. Thyroid
- D. cuneiform
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cuneiform. The cuneiform cartilages are paired cartilages, not unpaired. The epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid cartilages are unpaired cartilages of the larynx. The epiglottis functions in covering the larynx during swallowing, the cricoid provides support for the larynx, and the thyroid cartilage forms the "Adam's apple." The cuneiform cartilages, on the other hand, are small paired cartilages located within the aryepiglottic folds. They help maintain the shape and stiffness of these folds, assisting in vocal cord function.
Which of these does not affect diffusion rate?
- A. Surface area for diffusion
- B. Concentration gradient
- C. Solubility of gas
- D. Molecular weight of gas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Molecular weight of gas. Diffusion rate is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas. This means that as the molecular weight increases, the diffusion rate decreases. This is because heavier molecules move more slowly and have a harder time diffusing through a medium. Surface area for diffusion, concentration gradient, and solubility of gas all directly affect diffusion rate. Increasing the surface area for diffusion allows for more space for molecules to diffuse, a steeper concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion, and higher solubility of gas in a medium enhances the diffusion rate.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) includes
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Asthma
- D. All these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term that encompasses both emphysema and bronchitis. Emphysema is characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, while bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Asthma, on the other hand, is a separate condition characterized by reversible airway obstruction. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect, as only emphysema and bronchitis fall under the category of COPD.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is
- A. 0.004 percent.
- B. 0.04 percent.
- C. 0.4 percent
- D. 4.0 percent.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (0.04 percent) because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is around 400 parts per million (ppm), which is equivalent to 0.04 percent. This concentration is widely accepted by scientific research and measurements. Choice A (0.004 percent) is too low and doesn't accurately reflect the actual concentration. Choice C (0.4 percent) and choice D (4.0 percent) are both too high, which are significantly above the current levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, B is the correct choice as it aligns with the established scientific data on carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
A nurse is teaching a client about possible complications and hazards of home oxygen therapy. About which complications doesn't the nurse plan to teach the client?
- A. Absorptive atelectasis
- B. Combustion
- C. Dried mucous membranes
- D. Alveolar recruitment
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - Alveolar recruitment. This is because alveolar recruitment is actually a benefit of home oxygen therapy, not a complication. It helps improve oxygenation by opening up collapsed alveoli.
A - Absorptive atelectasis is a potential complication where nitrogen is absorbed from the alveoli leading to collapse. B - Combustion is a hazard due to oxygen's flammability. C - Dried mucous membranes is a common complication of oxygen therapy due to the drying effect of oxygen.