Nokea
In mammals ventilation movements of lungs are governed by
- A. Muscular wall of lungs
- B. Inter costal muscles
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Diaphragm and inter coastal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing, respectively. Intercostal muscles aid in expanding and contracting the rib cage to assist in breathing. The combination of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles working together ensures efficient ventilation of the lungs in mammals. Choices A and B are incorrect because the muscular wall of the lungs and intercostal muscles alone are not solely responsible for regulating ventilation. Choice C is incorrect because the diaphragm alone does not govern ventilation movements without the assistance of the intercostal muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately reflects the coordinated effort of both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in regulating lung ventilation.
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Life-long nonsmokers live an average of how much longer than those who, in their mid-twenties, smoked two packs of cigarettes a day?
- A. 6 months
- B. 1-2 years
- C. over 12 years
- D. 7-9 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: over 12 years. Life-long nonsmokers live significantly longer than those who smoke heavily in their mid-twenties. Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day significantly increases the risk of various health conditions leading to premature death. On average, smoking can reduce life expectancy by over 10 years. Therefore, the correct answer is over 12 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they underestimate the impact of smoking on life expectancy and do not adequately reflect the significant difference in longevity between smokers and life-long nonsmokers.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
- A. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern
- B. prolongs inspiration
- C. modifies the rate and depth of breathing
- D. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the pneumotaxic center in the pons modifies the rate and depth of breathing by sending inhibitory signals to the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla, which controls inspiration and expiration. It does not set the at-rest respiratory pattern like option A, prolong inspiration like option B, or suppress the expiratory center in the medulla like option D. This center plays a crucial role in fine-tuning breathing patterns to maintain appropriate oxygen levels in the body.
A 19-year-old client comes to the emergency department with acute asthma. His respiratory rate is 44 breaths/minute, and he appears in acute respiratory distress. Which of the following actions should be taken first?
- A. Take a full medical history.
- B. Give a bronchodilator by nebulizer.
- C. Apply a cardiac monitor to the client.
- D. Provide emotional support to the client.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Give a bronchodilator by nebulizer. In acute asthma, the priority is to relieve respiratory distress by opening up the airways. Bronchodilators help to quickly alleviate bronchospasm and improve airflow. This action should be taken first to improve the client's breathing. Taking a full medical history (A) can be important but is not the priority in this acute situation. Applying a cardiac monitor (C) is not the immediate concern in acute asthma. Providing emotional support (D) is also important but should come after ensuring the client's respiratory distress is managed.
A charge nurse is rounding on several older clients on ventilators in the Intensive Care Unit whom the nurse identifies as being at high risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. To reduce this risk what activity would the nurse delegate to the assistive personnel (AP)?
- A. Encourage between-meal snacks.
- B. Monitor temperature every 4 hours.
- C. Provide oral care every 4 hours.
- D. Report any new onset of cough.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Provide oral care every 4 hours. Oral care helps prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia by reducing the risk of oral bacteria being aspirated into the lungs. The AP can assist with oral care under the nurse's supervision.
A: Encouraging between-meal snacks does not directly address pneumonia risk.
B: Monitoring temperature is important but not specific to ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention.
D: Reporting new cough onset is important but does not directly reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been scheduled for a bronchoscopy. How should the nurse prepare the patient for this procedure?
- A. Administer a bolus of IV fluids.
- B. Arrange for the insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter.
- C. Administer nebulized bronchodilators every 2 hours until the test.
- D. Withhold food and fluids for several hours before the test.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because withholding food and fluids for several hours before a bronchoscopy is important to prevent aspiration during the procedure. When the patient is sedated for the bronchoscopy, there is an increased risk of vomiting, and having an empty stomach reduces this risk. Administering IV fluids (choice A) is not necessary unless clinically indicated. Inserting a peripherally inserted central catheter (choice B) is not typically required for a bronchoscopy. Administering nebulized bronchodilators (choice C) may not be needed for all patients and should be based on the individual's respiratory condition.