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What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
- A. increase surface area
- B. exchange gases
- C. maintain surface tension
- D. maintain air pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The function of the conchae in the nasal cavity is to increase surface area. By increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity, conchae help to humidify, filter, and warm the air entering the respiratory system. This ensures optimal conditions for efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Choice B (exchange gases) is incorrect because gas exchange primarily occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, not in the nasal cavity. Choice C (maintain surface tension) is incorrect as surface tension is typically associated with liquid interfaces, not with the nasal cavity. Choice D (maintain air pressure) is also incorrect because the conchae do not play a direct role in maintaining air pressure within the nasal cavity.
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When teaching a patient with heart failure on a 2000-mg sodium diet. Which foods should the nurse recommend limiting?
- A. Chicken
- B. Fresh spinach
- C. Eggs
- D. Milk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Milk. Milk is a high sodium food and can contribute significantly to a patient's daily sodium intake. For a patient on a 2000-mg sodium diet, it is crucial to limit high sodium foods like milk to prevent fluid retention and worsening of heart failure symptoms. Other choices (A, B, C) are lower in sodium compared to milk. Chicken, fresh spinach, and eggs are generally good protein sources with lower sodium content and can be included in moderation in a 2000-mg sodium diet for a heart failure patient.
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in a(n):
- A. decrease in the rate of breathing.
- B. increase of the respiratory rate.
- C. decrease of pulmonary ventilation.
- D. decrease of the alveolar ventilation rate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: an increase of the respiratory rate. When carbon dioxide levels rise in the blood, it triggers the body to increase the rate of breathing to eliminate excess carbon dioxide through exhalation. This is known as the respiratory drive, controlled by the respiratory centers in the brainstem. Increasing the respiratory rate helps to restore the balance of gases in the blood.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Decrease in the rate of breathing - This is incorrect because high levels of carbon dioxide would stimulate an increase in breathing rate, not a decrease.
C: Decrease of pulmonary ventilation - This is incorrect as an increase in carbon dioxide would typically lead to an increase, not a decrease, in pulmonary ventilation.
D: Decrease of the alveolar ventilation rate - This is incorrect because an increase in carbon dioxide would prompt an increase in alveolar ventilation to remove excess carbon dioxide from the blood.
What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on the excretion of bicarbonate in the urine?
- A. Increased excretion
- B. Decreased excretion
- C. No effect on excretion
- D. Increased reabsorption
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the kidney. Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase reduces bicarbonate reabsorption, leading to increased excretion of bicarbonate in the urine. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Incorrect choices:
B: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would decrease bicarbonate reabsorption, resulting in increased excretion, not decreased.
C: Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase does have an effect on bicarbonate excretion.
D: Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase would not increase reabsorption but rather decrease it, leading to increased excretion.
A slightly obese female client with a history of allergy-induced asthma, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse is admitted to an acute care facility for elective surgery. The nurse obtains a complete history and performs a thorough physical examination, paying special attention to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. When percussing the client's chest wall, the nurse expects to elicit:
- A. Resonant sounds.
- B. Hyperresonant sounds.
- C. Dull sounds.
- D. Flat sounds.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Resonant sounds. Percussing the chest of a healthy individual typically elicits resonant sounds due to the presence of air-filled lung tissue. In this case, the client has a history of asthma, which indicates airway inflammation and possible mucus accumulation, making resonant sounds more likely. Hyperresonant sounds (B) are typically heard in conditions like emphysema with increased lung volume. Dull sounds (C) are indicative of fluid or solid tissue present in the lungs, which is not expected in this client. Flat sounds (D) are heard over areas of solid tissue or muscle, not in the chest of a client with respiratory conditions.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is
- A. 0.004 percent.
- B. 0.04 percent.
- C. 0.4 percent
- D. 4.0 percent.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (0.04 percent) because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is around 400 parts per million (ppm), which is equivalent to 0.04 percent. This concentration is widely accepted by scientific research and measurements. Choice A (0.004 percent) is too low and doesn't accurately reflect the actual concentration. Choice C (0.4 percent) and choice D (4.0 percent) are both too high, which are significantly above the current levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, B is the correct choice as it aligns with the established scientific data on carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.