Nokea
In order, from lower to upper, the layers of the atmosphere are:
- A. Exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere
- B. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
- C. Mesosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
- D. Thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order of the layers of the atmosphere, from lower to upper, is troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather phenomena occur. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation. The mesosphere is where most meteorites burn up upon entering the Earth's atmosphere. The thermosphere is characterized by high temperatures due to the absorption of solar radiation. The exosphere is the outermost layer where the atmosphere transitions into space. Therefore, option B is the correct sequence, as it reflects the ascending order of the Earth's atmospheric layers.
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How many bones are included in the human skeletal system?
- A. 412
- B. 103
- C. Over 300
- D. 206
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: There are 206 bones in the human skeletal system. This includes bones in the skull, spine, ribs, arms, legs, hands, and feet. The correct answer is 206 because that is the standard number of bones in an adult human body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not reflect the accurate count of bones in the human skeletal system.
Epithelial cells are:
- A. Polarized
- B. Neutral
- C. Larger than other cells
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Epithelial cells have a distinct top (apical) and bottom (basal) side, demonstrating polarity. This polarity is essential for their specialized functions, such as secretion, absorption, and barrier formation. Choice B, 'Neutral,' is incorrect as epithelial cells exhibit polarity. Choice C, 'Larger than other cells,' is incorrect as epithelial cells come in various sizes and are not specifically larger than other cell types. Choice D, 'None of the above,' is incorrect as epithelial cells are indeed polarized.
Which, if any, of the following statements are true?
- A. Water boils at approximately 100°C (212°F) at standard atmospheric pressure
- B. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure around the water
- C. Water boils at a lower temperature in areas of lower pressure
- D. A and C are true
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Both statements A and C are true. Water indeed boils at approximately 100°C (212°F) at standard atmospheric pressure. However, water boils at a lower temperature in areas of lower pressure due to the decreased atmospheric pressure, which affects the vapor pressure and boiling point of water. Statement B is incorrect because the boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external pressure (atmospheric pressure in this case), not when it is higher.
Why can animal cells use a contractile ring but plant cells cannot?
- A. Plant cells can use both methods to divide
- B. Animal cells divide faster, requiring them to pinch apart
- C. Plant cells are too rigid to use a contractile ring
- D. N/A
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall surrounding them, which prevents them from using a contractile ring for cell division. The rigid cell wall requires plant cells to form a cell plate during cell division instead of pinching apart like animal cells with a contractile ring. Choice A is incorrect because plant cells cannot use a contractile ring due to their rigid cell wall. Choice B is incorrect as the speed of cell division is not the primary reason for the difference in cell division mechanisms between plant and animal cells. Choice D is not applicable as plant cells indeed have a specific limitation in using a contractile ring for cell division.
Which is true of the term Phenotype?
- A. It is the genetic code
- B. Phenotype determines genotype
- C. Genotype determines phenotype
- D. Genotype, epigenetic factors, and environmental factors determine phenotype
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The term "phenotype" refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which are determined by a combination of genotype (genetic makeup), epigenetic factors (modifications to gene expression), and environmental factors (external influences and experiences). Genotype, epigenetic factors, and environmental factors all play a role in determining an individual's phenotype, making option D the correct statement. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because the phenotype is not the genetic code, the phenotype does not determine the genotype, and it is the genotype that influences the phenotype, not the other way around.