Nokea
In taking a health history in a patient with periarteritis nodosa, it would be most important to ask questions related to dysfunction of which system?
- A. Cardiovascular
- B. Renal
- C. Visual
- D. Immunologic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Periarteritis nodosa primarily affects blood vessels, impacting cardiovascular function.
You may also like to solve these questions
In Drosophila, the neuroectoderm is located ventrally during gastrulation, while in mice or frogs, the neuroectoderm is located dorsally. Which statement best describes how the two systems are similar or different?
- A. There are no similarities between flies and vertebrates in development of the nervous system.
- B. Although gastrulation is completely different in invertebrates and vertebrates, the formation of a neural tube is identical in the two types of animals.
- C. There is little similarity, since the neuroectoderm of invertebrates forms their nervous system with no further morphological changes, while in vertebrates, the neural tube forms a bundle of neurons running along the antero-posterior axis called the spinal cord.
- D. Although the invertebrate nervous system is a ventrally located nerve cord, and the vertebrate spinal cord is located dorsally, homologous genes play a role, and neurons are ultimately specified through a process of lateral inhibition in both cases.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Despite differences in the location of the neuroectoderm (ventral in Drosophila, dorsal in vertebrates), both systems share similarities in the genetic mechanisms underlying neural development. Homologous genes, such as those involved in lateral inhibition, play crucial roles in specifying neurons in both invertebrates and vertebrates. This highlights the evolutionary conservation of developmental processes despite morphological differences.
Which of these diseases does NOT require the introduction of foreign nucleic acid?
- A. kuru
- B. polio
- C. rabies
- D. St. Louis encephalitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (kuru) because kuru is a prion disease caused by misfolded proteins, not foreign nucleic acid. Polio, rabies, and St. Louis encephalitis are caused by viruses, which contain foreign nucleic acid. Prions do not contain nucleic acid and replicate by inducing misfolding of normal cellular proteins. Therefore, kuru does not require the introduction of foreign nucleic acid for its transmission and development.
A nurse assesses a patient diagnosed with functional neurological (conversion) disorder. Which comment is most likely from this patient?
- A. Since my father died, I've been short of breath and had sharp pains that go down my left arm, but I think it's just indigestion.
- B. I have daily problems with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. My skin is very dry and I think I'm getting seriously dehydrated.
- C. Sexual intercourse is painful. I pretend as if I'm asleep so I can avoid it. I think it's starting to cause problems with my marriage.
- D. I get choked very easily and have trouble swallowing when I eat. I think I might have cancer of the esophagus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The correct answer is A because the patient's symptoms (shortness of breath and left arm pains) do not have a clear medical explanation, indicating a functional neurological disorder.
2. The patient attributing symptoms to indigestion suggests a psychological rather than physical origin.
3. Choices B, C, and D describe physical symptoms with potential organic causes, not typically associated with conversion disorder.
4. B is more indicative of gastrointestinal issues, C of sexual dysfunction, and D of possible esophageal pathology, making them less likely in a conversion disorder context.
A 35 year-old reporter presents to your office for evaluation of back pain and weakness in his left leg. He was play-wrestling with his nephew and hurt his back 2 weeks ago. He states that he has noticed tingling in his left leg as well. He has not noticed incontinence of bowel or bladder function. You perform a physical examination and confirm that he is dragging his left foot when he walks and that his Achilles reflex is diminished. The diagnosis is a herniated disc. Which nerve root are you testing with the Achilles reflex?
- A. C5, C6
- B. L2, L3, L4
- C. S1, S2
- D. L4, L5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Achilles reflex tests the S1 and S2 nerve roots. A diminished Achilles reflex may indicate a herniated disc compressing these nerve roots. C5, C6, L2, L3, L4, and L4, L5 are tested by other reflexes, such as the biceps, patellar, and brachioradialis reflexes.
When caring for a patient in the severe stage of AD, what diversion or distraction activities would be appropriate?
- A. Watching TV
- B. Playing games
- C. Books to read
- D. Mobiles or dangling ribbons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In severe AD, simpler sensory stimulation like mobiles or dangling ribbons may be more appropriate.