Nokea
In the lungs
- A. PCO2 in the alveoli is the same as that in the capillaries
- B. PO2 in the alveoli is the same as that in the capillaries
- C. PCO2 in the alveoli is higher than that in the capillaries
- D. PCO2 in the alveoli is lower than that in the capillaries
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the lungs, during gas exchange, carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the blood and exhaled. This leads to a lower PCO2 in the alveoli compared to the capillaries. The concentration gradient drives the diffusion of CO2 from the capillaries to the alveoli. Options A and B are incorrect because the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2) differ between the alveoli and capillaries due to gas exchange. Option C is also incorrect as PCO2 is lower in the alveoli to facilitate the removal of CO2 from the blood.
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Which statement is NOT true?
- A. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in fluid than in oxygen.
- B. Carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly across the respiratory surface than does oxygen.
- C. The major muscle involved in breathing is the diaphragm.
- D. Oxygen is carried primarily by blood plasma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Oxygen is primarily carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, not blood plasma. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin for transport. Option A is false because oxygen is more soluble in fluid than carbon dioxide. Option B is incorrect as oxygen diffuses slower than carbon dioxide due to its larger molecular size. Option C is true as the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in breathing, contracting to expand the lungs during inhalation.
A client is scheduled to have a tracheostomy placed in an hour. What action by the nurse is the priority?
- A. Administer prescribed anxiolytic medication.
- B. Ensure that informed consent is on the chart.
- C. Reinforce any teaching done previously.
- D. Start the preoperative antibiotic infusion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ensure that informed consent is on the chart. This is the priority action because obtaining informed consent is essential before any procedure to ensure that the client understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives. Administering anxiolytic medication (A) may be necessary but is not the priority. Reinforcing teaching (C) and starting antibiotics (D) are important but not as urgent as ensuring informed consent.
Which area represents the work to overcome airway resistance?
- A. ABCEA
- B. ABCFA
- C. AECFA
- D. ABCDOA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: AECFA. This sequence represents the flow of air through the respiratory system. Airway resistance is primarily overcome by the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways. The correct sequence includes the airway segments that actively participate in regulating airway resistance - the trachea (A), bronchi (E), and bronchioles (C and F). The other choices do not include the correct segments that are involved in overcoming airway resistance.
Which of the following does the examiner note when auscultating the lungs of a client with pleural effusion?
- A. Pronounced breath sounds
- B. Friction rub
- C. Expiratory wheezes
- D. Fluid in the involved area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and may be noted during auscultation. A (pronounced breath sounds) is incorrect as they are diminished in pleural effusion. B (friction rub) occurs in pleuritis, not effusion. C (expiratory wheezes) indicates airway obstruction, not fluid accumulation.
Each of the following is true regarding the spleen, except:
- A. Spleen is located posterolateral to the stomach, and contacts the diaphragm and left kidney.
- B. Splenic veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels communicate with the spleen at the hilum.
- C. The spleen is a primary lymphoid organ, serving to filter lymph fluid.
- D. Lymphocytes and dendritic cells are concentrated in the white pulp.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ, not a primary one. The spleen filters blood, not lymph fluid.
A is correct as the spleen is located in the described position.
B is correct as the splenic vessels do communicate with the spleen at the hilum.
D is correct as lymphocytes and dendritic cells are indeed concentrated in the white pulp.
Summary:
A, B, and D are correct statements about the spleen. C is incorrect because the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ, not a primary one.