Nokea
What is the proper sequence in the flow of air in humans?
- A. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
- B. nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
- C. nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- D. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is C: nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi. Air enters through the nasal cavities, passes through the pharynx, then the larynx where the vocal cords are located, then enters the trachea, and finally branches into the bronchi leading to the lungs. This sequence follows the anatomical pathway of the respiratory system, ensuring proper filtration, warming, and humidification of the air. Choices A, B, and D have incorrect sequences that do not follow the anatomical order of the respiratory pathway, leading to an inaccurate flow of air in humans.
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The lungs are covered by a two-layer membrane called the:
- A. pleura.
- B. diaphragm.
- C. respiratory membrane.
- D. intercostal muscles.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pleura. The pleura is a two-layered membrane that covers the lungs. The outer layer is called the parietal pleura, which lines the chest wall, and the inner layer is called the visceral pleura, which covers the lungs themselves. This double-layered structure helps to protect and cushion the lungs during breathing movements.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs that plays a role in breathing but does not cover the lungs.
C: The respiratory membrane refers to the interface where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, not the covering of the lungs.
D: The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and assist in breathing but do not cover the lungs.
During inspiration, air passes into lungs due to
- A. Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
- B. Fall in pressure inside the lungs
- C. Increased volume of thoracic cavity
- D. Muscular expansion of lungs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
Rationale:
1. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
2. The external intercostal muscles also contract, lifting the ribcage and further expanding the thoracic cavity.
3. As thoracic cavity volume increases, lung pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.
Summary:
B: Fall in pressure inside the lungs - This is a consequence of the increase in thoracic cavity volume, not the cause of air entering the lungs.
C: Increased volume of thoracic cavity - This is correct but does not explain how air enters the lungs.
D: Muscular expansion of lungs - Lungs do not expand on their own; it is the thoracic cavity that expands to create the pressure gradient for air entry.
A nurse obtains the health history of a client who is recently diagnosed with lung cancer and identifies that the client has a 60 pack-year smoking history. Which action is most important for the nurse to take when interviewing this client?
- A. Tell the client that he needs to quit smoking to stop further cancer development.
- B. Encourage the client to be completely honest about both tobacco and marijuana use.
- C. Maintain a nonjudgmental attitude to avoid causing the client to feel guilty.
- D. Avoid giving the client false hope regarding cancer treatment and prognosis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct as maintaining a nonjudgmental attitude is crucial to establish trust and rapport with the client. It helps the client feel comfortable sharing information, leading to better assessment and care. A is incorrect as quitting smoking may not be the immediate priority. B is incorrect as honesty about marijuana use is not the primary concern. D is incorrect as it does not address the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship.
The combination of Hemoglobin with Oxygen in the blood can be promoted by
- A. Decreasing O2 concentration
- B. Increasing O2 concentration
- C. Increasing CO2 concentration
- D. Decreasing CO2 concentration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing O2 concentration. When O2 concentration increases, it promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the blood through the process of oxygenation. This results in the formation of oxyhemoglobin, which enhances oxygen transport in the blood.
Summary:
- A: Decreasing O2 concentration would hinder the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport efficiency.
- C: Increasing CO2 concentration would lead to the formation of carbaminohemoglobin, not oxyhemoglobin.
- D: Decreasing CO2 concentration would not directly promote the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
- A. greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
- B. less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
- C. equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
- D. equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because at higher temperatures, oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin increases, leading to lower oxygen saturation. This is due to the Bohr effect, where increased temperature shifts the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right. Therefore, the percent of oxygen saturation is greater at 38 degrees Celsius compared to 43 degrees Celsius.
Choice B is incorrect because higher temperatures decrease oxygen saturation. Choice C is incorrect as the saturation is not equal at different temperatures due to the Bohr effect. Choice D is incorrect because the saturation at 20 degrees Celsius would be higher than at 38 degrees Celsius.