Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension Related

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The Electoral College: The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress.
Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the population of the state established by the Census taken each decade.
During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that particular state. It’s all very confusing, but the founding fathers knew what they were doing. By having and using the Electoral College, candidates campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country
doesn’t mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won
the popular vote across the country, but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore he became our 43rd president.

In the passage, the word 'cast' means to

  • A. throw.
  • B. turn and send in a particular direction.
  • C. select actors for a play.
  • D. give one's vote.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: give one's vote. In the context of the passage, the word 'cast' is used to refer to the action of states giving their electoral votes to a candidate based on the popular vote. This interpretation aligns with the electoral process described in the passage, where states allocate their electoral votes to the winning candidate.

Choice A (throw) is incorrect because 'cast' in this context does not imply physically throwing something. Choice B (turn and send in a particular direction) is incorrect as it does not capture the voting action described in the passage. Choice C (select actors for a play) is incorrect as it does not relate to the electoral process or voting.

Therefore, the most appropriate interpretation of 'cast' in this passage is to give one's vote, making option D the correct answer.

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Violence: Lately, studies have been done to decide whether a relationship exists between violence on television and mounting violence in the streets of the United States. More and better research is needed to assess fully the effects of exposure to violence on human behavior. However, early results seem to indicate that some people are influenced negatively by what they see on TV, especially young children. Since children born today, on an average, are exposed to seven hours of TV a day, some changes seem needed.
Consultants have advised network officials to reconsider certain policies if they wish to avoid the pitfalls of increased government regulations.

Based on this reading, early research indicates that the relationship between violence on television and violence in the street

  • A. has been proven conclusively.
  • B. has been widely exaggerated.
  • C. is inconsistent.
  • D. appears probable.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: appears probable. This is because the passage states that "early results seem to indicate that some people are influenced negatively by what they see on TV," suggesting a potential relationship between violence on television and violence in the streets. However, the passage also emphasizes the need for more research to fully assess the effects.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage clearly states that more research is needed to fully assess the effects, indicating that the relationship has not been conclusively proven. Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not suggest that the relationship has been exaggerated. Choice C is also incorrect as the passage does not mention any inconsistency in the relationship between violence on television and violence in the streets.

Lightning Strikes
The old wives' tale of "Lightning never strikes twice" has been proven untrue time and time again. Lightning forms from negative and positive charges within clouds and from the earth below. When these charges react with each other, the air between the cloud and the earth ionizes, which produces a lightning flash. Lightning is actually a series of multiple events consisting of a leader stroke of lightning, followed by as many as 40 smaller strokes of lightning. Being just split seconds apart, these strokes of lightning often reflect off the lining of the clouds.
Lightning rods that extend from above the roof to the ground protect buildings by forming a low resistance path for the lightning so that the lightning does not enter the building, but rather defuses as it penetrates the ground.
Some myths about lightning need to be explained. Lightning does strike tall buildings often, and during a particularly violent storm, a tall building may be hit by lightning several times. The safest place during a thunder and lightning storm is in a metal car or lying flat, face down, in the open, not under a tree as the myth suggests.
Many people believe that thunder and lightning are connected; however, this proves to be true only about 50% of the time, so if you're waiting for the clap of thunder, you're missing out on some exciting strokes of lightning!
Lightning causes injuries, deaths, and forest fires each year. However, some scientists reveal the positive aspects of lightning because it releases nitrogen into the atmosphere which the raindrops then deliver to earth to fertilize our soil.

Based on the provided information, the reader can conclude that lightning:

  • A. Always consists of a single stroke
  • B. Is harmless and does not pose any risk
  • C. Consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes
  • D. Only occurs during thunderstorms
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes'. The text explains that lightning is actually a series of multiple events, starting with a leader stroke followed by as many as 40 smaller strokes of lightning. This information contradicts choice A, which suggests lightning always consists of a single stroke. Choice B is incorrect because the text clearly states that lightning causes injuries, deaths, and forest fires, indicating that it poses risks. Choice D is incorrect as lightning rods protect buildings even when there is no thunderstorm, suggesting that lightning can occur independently of thunderstorms. Therefore, the conclusion drawn from the text is that lightning consists of a main stroke and several smaller strokes, making option C the correct answer.

The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral
College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress. Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the
population of the state established by the Census taken each decade.
During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who
wins the popular vote in that state. ItĆ¢ā‚¬ā„¢s all very confusing, but the founding fathers know what they were doing. By having and using the Electoral College candidatesĆ¢ā‚¬ā„¢ campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country doesn't mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won the popular vote across the country,
but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore, he became our 43rd president.

The author's reason for writing this piece seems to be to

  • A. Inform the reader
  • B. Teach the reader
  • C. Persuade the reader
  • D. Entertain the reader
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Inform the reader.' The author's main purpose in the passage is to provide information about the Electoral College and how it functions. The passage explains the concept, structure, and historical context of the Electoral College without attempting to persuade or entertain the reader. The information presented is factual and intended to educate the reader on the subject matter, making 'Inform the reader' the most appropriate choice.

Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyā€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyā€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyā€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.

What is the primary purpose of this passage?

  • A. To inform the reader about the dangers of high blood pressure
  • B. To inform the reader how high blood pressure leads to a higher risk of heart attack
  • C. To inform the reader how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure
  • D. To persuade the reader that controlling one's blood pressure is important
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary purpose of this passage is to inform the reader about how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure. The text explains the role of various components such as baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure within the body. It focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these regulators rather than discussing the dangers of high blood pressure, its link to heart attacks, or persuading the reader to control their blood pressure.

What effect does your voice have on others? Does it persuade or irritate, attract or repel? One of
the worst qualities is harshness. If you ever get the feeling that people are uncomfortable when you speak, it may be that your harsh tones are jarring their eardrums. Your voice will sound
unpleasant if it is shrill, grating, hard, piercing, brassy, to loud, or too nasal. Harsh voice qualities usually come from too much tension in the throat and jaw. Tension tightens muscles and blocks the relaxed voice tones essential to a pleasing impression. Because tension occurs in higher pitched voices, women tend to have shriller voices than men, which usually makes them
less desirable public speakers, newscasters, or political candidates.

The information presented is

  • A. Slanted in favor of newscasters
  • B. Slanted against people with deep voices
  • C. Slanted against people with piercing voices
  • D. Balanced in its approach
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The information presented in the text is slanted against people with piercing voices. It highlights the negative impact of harsh voice qualities such as being shrill, grating, hard, piercing, brassy, too loud, or too nasal. The text points out that these harsh voice qualities, often due to tension in the throat and jaw, can make a person's voice unpleasant and uncomfortable for others. While it briefly mentions women potentially having shriller voices than men, it does not specifically favor newscasters or target people with deep voices. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as the text focuses on the drawbacks associated with piercing voices.

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