Which statement from the passage is a fact?

The Electoral College: The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress.
Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the population of the state established by the Census taken each decade.
During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that particular state. It’s all very confusing, but the founding fathers knew what they were doing. By having and using the Electoral College, candidates campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country
doesn’t mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won
the popular vote across the country, but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore he became our 43rd president.

A. Each state casts their electoral votes during the Presidential election.
B. Candidates only campaign in states where they think they can win.
C. The Electoral College is a college in Washington D.C.
D. The government randomly assigns electoral votes to states.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Each state casts their electoral votes during the Presidential election. This statement is a fact because it accurately describes the process of how each state participates in the Electoral College by casting their electoral votes based on the popular vote within that state.

Rationale:
1. The passage clearly states that during the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that particular state. This confirms that each state indeed casts their electoral votes.
2. The Electoral College is a system where states cast their electoral votes, not the candidates. Therefore, the statement accurately reflects the role of states in the process.

Summary:
Choice A is the correct answer as it aligns with the explanation provided in the passage about how each state participates in the Electoral College by casting their electoral votes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the factual information provided in the passage.

Nurseries: If you thought nurseries were just for babies, well, think again! Being special kinds of farms, nurseries are used to raise plants in mass quantities. Plants, trees, and shrubs are typically grown in nurseries and then sold to farmers and gardeners to plant in homes, businesses, and farms. Most nurseries are found in the more rural parts of the country because much land is required to have a viable nursery. If a nursery sells plants to others, it must obtain a special permit from the local city or county, which keeps the competition fair and does not saturate the market with a large number of nurseries selling similar products.
Also on the grounds of nurseries are greenhouses which are made of glass or plastic panes that protect the plants from weather elements that may harm them and cause them not to grow and develop. The glass panels in greenhouses allow for sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside. This creates a tropical environment which allows orchids and poinsettias to grow. It ensures that vegetables and fruits will grow large, which makes them valuable to farmers.

By writing this piece the author implied that

A. Nurseries are a nuisance to cities and counties.
B. Greenhouses are not necessary to grow flowers.
C. Nurseries are only for babies.
D. Nurseries are helpful to farmers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Nurseries are helpful to farmers. The author explicitly states that nurseries raise plants in mass quantities, which are then sold to farmers and gardeners. This implies that nurseries play a crucial role in providing plants for agricultural purposes, making them helpful to farmers. The passage also mentions that nurseries require special permits to sell plants, ensuring fair competition and preventing market saturation, further highlighting their importance to farmers.

Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not state that nurseries are a nuisance to cities and counties. Choice B is incorrect as greenhouses are portrayed as essential for protecting plants from harmful weather elements. Choice C is incorrect as the passage clearly states that nurseries are used to raise plants, trees, and shrubs, not just for babies.

All That Jazz: Jazz is an American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African-American communities in the Southern United States. It derived from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. The word jazz began as a West Coast slang term of uncertain derivation and was first used to refer to music in Chicago in about 1915.
Improvisation is one of the key elements of jazz and a fundamental part of the nature of the music. In jazz, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies, or time signatures at will.

What is the definition of 'confluence' as used in the first paragraph?

A. Influence.
B. Melding.
C. Intersection.
D. Coming Together.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Coming Together.
Explanation: In the context of the paragraph, 'confluence' refers to the merging or coming together of African and European music traditions to form jazz. This term signifies the blending and integration of different musical influences to create a new art form. 'Influence' (choice A) implies one-way impact, 'melding' (choice B) suggests mixing without a distinct merging, and 'intersection' (choice C) indicates a meeting point but not necessarily a merging or fusion, making them all less fitting than 'coming together' in conveying the essence of 'confluence' in this context.

Have you ever wondered why the whistle of a traveling, distant locomotive predicts its approach several yards before anyone actually sees it? Or why an oncoming ambulance's screaming siren is heard momentarily several feet before the ambulance comes into full view, before it passes you, and why its siren is still heard faintly well after the ambulance is out of sight?
What you are witnessing is a scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. What takes place is truly remarkable. In both of these instances, when the train or ambulance moves toward the sound waves in front of it, the sound waves are pulled closer together and have a higher frequency. In either instance, the listener positioned in front of the moving object hears a higher pitch. The ambulance and locomotive are progressively moving away from the sound waves behind them, causing the waves to be farther apart and to have a lower frequency. These fast-approaching modes of transportation distance themselves past the listener, who hears a lower pitch.

What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Trains and ambulances emit loud noises.
B. Low-frequency waves produce high-pitched sounds.
C. High-frequency waves result in low-pitched sounds.
D. The Doppler Effect explains why sound is heard more strongly initially and then faintly after a moving object has passed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The main idea of the passage is to explain the scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. The passage describes how when a train or ambulance moves towards a listener, sound waves are compressed, resulting in a higher frequency and pitch. Conversely, as the objects move away, the sound waves stretch, leading to a lower frequency and pitch. The Doppler Effect is the reason why sound is heard louder as the object approaches and then fades as it moves away. This explanation aligns with choice D, making it the correct answer.

People of Hispanic origin were on the North American continent centuries before settlers arrived
from Europe in the early 1600s and the thirteen colonies joined together to form the United
States in the late 1700s. The first census of the new nation was conducted in 1790, and counted about four million people, most of whom were white. Of the white citizens, more than 80%
traced their ancestry back to England. There were close to 700,000 slaves and about 60,000 "free Negroes". Only a few Native American Indians who paid taxes were included in the census count, but the total Native American population was probably about one million. By 1815, the population of the United States was 8.4 million. Over the next 100 years, the
country took in about 35 million immigrants, with the greatest numbers coming in the late 1800s and early 1900s. In 1882, 40,000 Chinese arrived, and between 1900 and 1907, there were more
than 30,000 Japanese immigrants. But by far, the largest numbers of the new immigrants were
from central, eastern, and southern Europe. An enormous amount of racial and ethnic assimilation has taken place in the United States. In 1908, play-write Israel Zangwill first used the term "melting pot" to describe the concept of a place where many races melted in a crucible and re-formed to populate a new land. Some years during the first two decades of the 20th century, there were as many as one million new
immigrants per year, an astonishing 1 percent of the total population of the United States.
In 1921, however, the country began to limit immigration, and the Immigration Act of 1924
virtually closed the door. The total number of immigrants admitted per year dropped from as many as a million to only 150,000. A quota system was established that specified the number of
immigrants that could come from each country. It heavily favored immigrants from northern and western Europe and severely limited everyone else. This system remained in effect until 1965, although after World War II, several exceptions were made to the quota system to allow in
groups of refugees.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Preserving a developing 'American' culture was a major factor leading to the introduction of the quota system.
B. Racial and ethnic assimilation did not occur as planned.
C. Racial and ethnic tensions would have increased if the quota system had not been introduced.
D. The quota system was introduced to limit population growth.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The passage discusses the implementation of the quota system in 1924 which heavily favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. This preference for specific regions suggests that preserving a developing 'American' culture, which was predominantly influenced by these regions, was a major factor leading to the introduction of the quota system. The passage does not indicate that racial and ethnic assimilation did not occur as planned, nor does it directly mention an increase in tensions if the quota system had not been introduced. Additionally, the quota system was not introduced to limit population growth but rather to control and regulate the influx of immigrants from different regions.

What effect does your voice have on others? Does it persuade or irritate, attract or repel? One of
the worst qualities is harshness. If you ever get the feeling that people are uncomfortable when you speak, it may be that your harsh tones are jarring their eardrums. Your voice will sound
unpleasant if it is shrill, grating, hard, piercing, brassy, to loud, or too nasal. Harsh voice qualities usually come from too much tension in the throat and jaw. Tension tightens muscles and blocks the relaxed voice tones essential to a pleasing impression. Because tension occurs in higher pitched voices, women tend to have shriller voices than men, which usually makes them
less desirable public speakers, newscasters, or political candidates.

According to the passage, what does the author imply about the effect of voice tones on public speaking?

A. Voice tones are crucial in making a positive impression on the audience.
B. Voice tones are irrelevant when delivering an engaging message.
C. Voice tones have no impact on public speaking success.
D. Voice tones are only important for women in public speaking careers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The author emphasizes the significance of voice tones in public speaking, suggesting that harsh voice qualities can make a person less desirable as a public speaker. The passage highlights that unpleasant voice qualities like being shrill, grating, or piercing can result from too much tension in the throat and jaw, which negatively impacts the audience's perception. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as the author implies that voice tones play a crucial role in making a positive impression on the audience in public speaking.

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