Nokea
In which of the following conditions should decongestants be used with caution?
- A. Diabetes
- B. Hypertension
- C. Allergic rhinitis
- D. Hyperthyroidism
- G. B
Correct Answer: Diabetes isn't a primary caution. Hypertension risks elevation from vasoconstriction. Allergic rhinitis is a treatment target. Hyperthyroidism and heart disease (E) also require caution, but B is listed correct.
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypertension. Decongestants can lead to vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure, posing a risk for individuals with hypertension. Diabetes (A) is not a primary concern with decongestants. Allergic rhinitis (C) is a condition where decongestants are often used as a treatment. Hyperthyroidism (D) can have cardiovascular effects and should also be used with caution. However, the primary caution for decongestant use is hypertension due to the potential for exacerbating high blood pressure.
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A patient is allergic to penicillin. Which class of antibiotics might they also have a cross-allergy to?
- A. Cephalosporins
- B. Sulfonamides
- C. Macrolides
- D. Aminoglycosides
- G. A
Correct Answer: Cephalosporins share a similar structure with penicillin, risking cross-allergy. Sulfonamides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides lack this relation.
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cephalosporins. Cephalosporins have a beta-lactam ring structure similar to penicillin, leading to potential cross-allergy. Sulfonamides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides have different chemical structures, reducing the likelihood of cross-allergy. Therefore, individuals allergic to penicillin may have a cross-allergy to cephalosporins due to structural similarity, making it the correct choice.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing anaphylaxis. The family asks the nurse why the patient is having difficulty breathing. The nurse responds based on what knowledge?
- A. Bronchoconstriction in response to the allergen.
- B. Compensation for a rapid fall in blood pressure.
- C. Reflex tachycardia.
- D. Seizures are likely to occur.
- G. A
Correct Answer: Bronchoconstriction from allergens causes breathing difficulty in anaphylaxis. Hypotension, tachycardia, and seizures are secondary or unrelated.
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchoconstriction in response to the allergen. During anaphylaxis, the body releases histamine causing bronchoconstriction, leading to difficulty breathing. This is a direct response to the allergen and can lead to respiratory distress. Choice B, compensation for a rapid fall in blood pressure, is incorrect as hypotension is a secondary effect of anaphylaxis. Choice C, reflex tachycardia, is also incorrect as tachycardia is a compensatory response to hypotension, not the cause of difficulty breathing. Choice D, seizures are likely to occur, is incorrect as seizures are not a common manifestation of anaphylaxis. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis.
What is the priority action for a nurse caring for a client with a urinary tract infection before administering prescribed antibiotics?
- A. Obtain a blood pressure
- B. Obtain a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity
- C. Obtain a PTT
- D. Obtain a platelet count .
- G. B
Correct Answer: Blood pressure is routine, not priority. Urine culture identifies the bacteria and antibiotic sensitivity before treatment. PTT and platelet counts are unrelated to UTI antibiotics.
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Obtain a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity. This is the priority action because it helps identify the specific bacteria causing the UTI and determines the most effective antibiotic for treatment. This step is crucial for appropriate antibiotic therapy and to prevent antibiotic resistance. A: Obtaining a blood pressure is a routine assessment and not directly related to UTI treatment. C and D: Obtaining a PTT and platelet count are not necessary for assessing or treating a UTI; these tests are unrelated to UTI management. Therefore, the priority action for a nurse caring for a client with a UTI is to obtain a urine specimen for culture and sensitivity.
A client taking an MAOI should be instructed to avoid which item?
- A. Large amounts of water
- B. A diet that is high in salt
- C. A diet that is high in fat
- D. Foods that contain tyramine and caffeine .
- G. D
Correct Answer: Water, salt, and fat don't interact with MAOIs. Tyramine and caffeine can cause hypertensive crises with MAOIs.
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Foods that contain tyramine and caffeine. MAOIs inhibit the breakdown of tyramine and caffeine, leading to an accumulation in the body. Tyramine can cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure known as a hypertensive crisis. Caffeine can also contribute to this effect. Large amounts of water (A), a high-salt diet (B), and a high-fat diet (C) do not interact with MAOIs in a way that poses a significant risk. Therefore, instructing the client to avoid foods containing tyramine and caffeine is crucial to prevent potential adverse reactions.
The healthcare provider has ordered 1000 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride to be administered intravenously over 5 hours. The drop factor on the tubing is 15 drops/mL. How many milliliters per hour and how many drops per minute will you administer?
- A. 200 mL/hr and 45 drops/min
- B. 250 mL/hr and 45 drops/min
- C. 250 mL/hr and 50 drops/min
- D. 200 mL/hr and 50 drops/min
- G. D
Correct Answer: 1000 mL ÷ 5 hr = 200 mL/hr. 200 mL/hr ÷ 60 min = 3.33 mL/min × 15 drops/mL = 49.95 drops/min, rounded to 50. Thus, 200 mL/hr and 50 drops/min.
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 200 mL/hr and 50 drops/min. To calculate the mL per hour, you divide the total mL by the total hours (1000 mL ÷ 5 hr = 200 mL/hr). To find the mL per minute, you divide the mL per hour by 60 minutes (200 mL/hr ÷ 60 min = 3.33 mL/min). Next, to determine the drops per minute, you multiply the mL per minute by the drop factor (3.33 mL/min × 15 drops/mL = 49.95 drops/min, rounded to 50 drops/min). Therefore, the correct administration rate is 200 mL/hr and 50 drops/min.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not align with the correct calculation based on the given parameters. Choice A and B have incorrect mL per hour values, and Choice C has an incorrect drops per minute value.