Nokea
In which organ is carbonic anhydrase crucial for maintaining acid-base balance?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Heart
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase is crucial for acid-base balance by catalyzing the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in the blood. The kidneys regulate blood pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting hydrogen ions. Therefore, carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance. The liver is not directly involved in this process but helps in detoxification and metabolism. The heart and pancreas do not have a primary role in acid-base balance regulation. Thus, the correct answer is B: Kidneys.
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Rhea, confused and short breath, is brought to the emergency department by a family member. The medical history reveals chronic bronchitis and hypertension. To learn more about the current respiratory problem, the doctor orders a chest x-ray and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. When reviewing the ABG report, the nurses see many abbreviations. What does a lowercase in ABG value present?
- A. Acid-base balance
- B. Arterial Blood
- C. Arterial oxygen saturation
- D. Alveoli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Arterial Blood. The lowercase "a" in ABG values denotes arterial blood, indicating that the values are specific to the blood obtained from an artery. ABG analysis provides information about the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels, which are crucial in assessing respiratory and metabolic functions.
Choice A: Acid-base balance - This is incorrect because the lowercase "a" in ABG does not represent acid-base balance. Acid-base balance is determined by the pH level in the blood, which is one of the parameters measured in ABG analysis.
Choice C: Arterial oxygen saturation - This is incorrect because oxygen saturation is typically measured using pulse oximetry, not through ABG analysis. ABG values focus on the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Choice D: Alveoli - This is incorrect because ABG values do not directly represent the condition of the alveoli. ABG analysis
Oxygen dissociation curve shows the relation between
- A. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Oxygen tension
- B. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Carbon dioxide level
- C. Oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation
- D. Partial pressure of Oxygen and Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The oxygen dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension. As oxygen tension increases, hemoglobin binds more oxygen until it becomes fully saturated. Option A is correct as it accurately describes this relationship. Option B is incorrect because carbon dioxide level does not directly affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding. Option C is incorrect as it does not reflect the relationship shown by the curve. Option D is incorrect because it mixes the variables of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are not directly related in the oxygen dissociation curve.
A person met with an accident and died instantly without any injury to heart, brain, stomach and kidney. One of the following is a reason for his death
- A. Intestine got twisted
- B. RBC became coagulated
- C. Stomach stopped digestion
- D. Diaphragm got punctured
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm got punctured. The diaphragm is a crucial muscle responsible for breathing. If it gets punctured, it can lead to immediate death due to respiratory failure. In this scenario, since there are no injuries to vital organs like the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney, the only plausible reason for instant death would be a punctured diaphragm affecting the person's ability to breathe.
A: Intestine getting twisted would not lead to instant death without affecting the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney.
B: RBC becoming coagulated would not result in immediate death without directly impacting vital organs.
C: Stomach stopping digestion is not a life-threatening condition that would cause instant death without injury to vital organs.
A patient who has successfully been treated for a pulmonary embolism is about to be discharged. How can he lower the risk of experiencing another pulmonary embolism?
- A. Avoid sitting and standing for too long and do not cross legs.
- B. Take vitamin K with heparin.
- C. Avoid confined spaces.
- D. Jog 5 miles each day.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Avoiding prolonged immobility and crossing legs reduces the risk of venous thrombosis. B is incorrect because vitamin K antagonizes heparin. C (avoiding confined spaces) is unrelated. D (jogging) is beneficial but not directly preventive.
In Carbon monoxide poisoning, Hemoglobin shows about 250 times greater affinity with CO2 than oxygen and Carbonmonoxyheamoglobin (COHb). This causes Oxygen starvation and Asphyxia. The immediate remedy is
- A. Giving pure Oxygen
- B. Dialysis
- C. Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture
- D. Transfusing blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Giving pure Oxygen Carbon dioxide mixture. When hemoglobin binds with carbon monoxide (CO) instead of oxygen, it forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Administering pure oxygen helps to displace CO from hemoglobin, but giving pure oxygen alone may not be sufficient in severe cases. By providing a mixture of pure oxygen and carbon dioxide, the increased carbon dioxide levels can help stimulate breathing and aid in the elimination of CO from the body more rapidly. This approach can help restore oxygen levels in the blood more effectively compared to just giving pure oxygen. Dialysis and blood transfusion are not immediate remedies for carbon monoxide poisoning and are not as directly targeted at addressing the underlying issue of COHb formation.