Nokea
Indicate the nootropic agent useful in disorders of brain circulation:
- A. Aspirin
- B. Pyracetam
- C. Warfarin
- D. All the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pyracetam. Pyracetam is a nootropic agent that is known for its benefits in enhancing cognitive function and improving brain circulation. It works by increasing blood flow and oxygen utilization in the brain, making it useful in disorders of brain circulation.
A: Aspirin is a common pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, but it is not specifically classified as a nootropic agent for brain circulation disorders.
C: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that helps prevent blood clots, but it is not a typical choice for enhancing brain circulation or cognitive function.
D: "All the above" is incorrect as only Pyracetam is specifically known for its benefits in disorders of brain circulation, making it the correct choice in this scenario.
You may also like to solve these questions
Adverse effect caused by phenobarbital is:
- A. Physical and psychological dependence
- B. Exacerbated petit mal epilepsy
- C. Sedation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication that can cause physical and psychological dependence, leading to addiction (Choice A). It can also exacerbate petit mal epilepsy by lowering seizure threshold (Choice B). Additionally, sedation is a common side effect of phenobarbital due to its central nervous system depressant properties (Choice C). Therefore, all of the above choices are correct, making option D the correct answer.
These histamine H1 antagonists are recognized for as second-generation antihistamines, EXCEPT:
- A. Astemizole
- B. Loratadine (Claritin)
- C. Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
- D. Suprastine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Suprastine, because it is not a second-generation antihistamine. Second-generation antihistamines are known for having minimal sedative effects and longer duration of action compared to first-generation antihistamines. Astemizole, Loratadine, and Cetirizine are all second-generation antihistamines with these characteristics. Suprastine, on the other hand, is a first-generation antihistamine and does not meet the criteria for being a second-generation antihistamine. Therefore, it is the exception in this list.
All of the following drugs are inhaled glucocorticoids EXCEPT:
- A. Triamcinolone
- B. Beclometazone
- C. Sodium cromoglycate
- D. Budesonide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium cromoglycate. Inhaled glucocorticoids are used for asthma and other respiratory conditions. Sodium cromoglycate is a mast cell stabilizer, not a glucocorticoid. Triamcinolone, beclometazone, and budesonide are all inhaled glucocorticoids commonly used to reduce inflammation in the airways. It is important to differentiate between glucocorticoids and other types of respiratory medications to ensure proper treatment.
Which of the following agents inhibits hepatic metabolism of hypnotics?
- A. Flumasenil
- B. Cimetidin
- C. Phenytoin
- D. Theophylline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cimetidine. Cimetidine is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor that can inhibit hepatic metabolism of drugs like hypnotics, leading to increased drug levels and potential toxicity. Flumazenil (A) is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, not a metabolic inhibitor. Phenytoin (C) induces hepatic enzymes, increasing metabolism of other drugs. Theophylline (D) is metabolized by cytochrome P450, but it doesn't inhibit metabolism of hypnotics.
A family member asks a mental health nurse, “I am reading a lot of information about gene therapy in the news lately. Will gene therapy be able to help my spouse, who has schizophrenia?” Which response by the nurse is best?
- A. “Gene therapy for schizophrenia is common in Europe but has not yet become popular in the United States.”
- B. “Gene therapy for schizophrenia is available, but the high cost prohibits most people from taking advantage of it.”
- C. “Gene therapy is still an experimental field and is not likely to be used to treat mental health disorders in the near future.”
- D. “Gene therapy has already shown promise in treating schizophrenia, but not enough large-scale studies have been carried out to date.”
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because gene therapy is indeed still an experimental field, especially in the context of treating mental health disorders like schizophrenia. This is due to the complex nature of mental health conditions and the need for more research to fully understand how gene therapy can effectively target and treat such disorders.
Choice A is incorrect because the popularity of gene therapy for schizophrenia is not dependent on geographical location. Choice B is incorrect as the high cost is not the primary reason why gene therapy is not widely used for schizophrenia. Choice D is incorrect as it acknowledges the promise of gene therapy for schizophrenia but highlights the lack of sufficient large-scale studies, which further supports the notion that gene therapy is not yet a standard treatment for the condition.