Nokea
Infections of CNS can be caused by:
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Morbillivirus morbillorum
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices, Clostridium botulinum, Morbillivirus morbillorum, and Clostridium tetani, can cause infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Clostridium botulinum can lead to botulism, which affects the nervous system. Morbillivirus morbillorum can cause measles, which can lead to viral encephalitis. Clostridium tetani can cause tetanus, which affects the CNS by producing neurotoxins. Therefore, all three choices are pathogens that can cause infections of the CNS.
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Which of the following is true regarding bacterial plasmids?
- A. Plasmids are essential for bacterial survival
- B. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules
- C. Plasmids are never involved in antibiotic resistance
- D. Plasmids are found in all bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Plasmids are circular DNA molecules
Rationale:
1. Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria.
2. Plasmids are typically circular in structure, not linear.
3. Circular plasmids are easily replicated and transferred between bacteria.
4. Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, making option C incorrect.
5. Not all bacteria have plasmids, making option D incorrect.
6. While plasmids can provide benefits, they are not essential for bacterial survival, making option A incorrect.
A consumptive patient has an open pulmonary form of disease. Choose what sputum staining should be selected for finding out the tubercle (Koch's) bacillus?
- A. Method of Ziel-Neelsen
- B. Method of Romanowsky-Giemsa
- C. Method of Gram
- D. Method of Neisser
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Method of Ziel-Neelsen. This method uses a special stain (carbol fuchsin) to detect acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The staining procedure involves heating the slide to help penetrate the mycolic acid layer of the bacteria, making them resistant to decolorization by acid-alcohol. The red stained acid-fast bacilli stand out against the blue counterstain. This method is specific for identifying tubercle bacilli in sputum samples.
Choice B: Method of Romanowsky-Giemsa is used for staining blood smears and is not suitable for detecting acid-fast bacilli in sputum.
Choice C: Method of Gram is used for staining bacteria based on their cell wall composition and is not effective for identifying acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Choice D: Method of Neisser is not a specific staining method for acid-fast bacilli and is not suitable
Which of the following bacterial species is known for its spore-forming ability?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Bacillus subtilis
- D. Listeria monocytogenes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis is known for its spore-forming ability, which is a survival mechanism to withstand harsh conditions. Spore formation allows the bacteria to become dormant and resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation. Escherichia coli (A) is not known for spore formation. Staphylococcus aureus (B) does not form spores either. Listeria monocytogenes (D) is a pathogenic bacterium but does not typically form spores.
Which of these is an early symptom of rabies?
- A. A short period of depression
- B. Nausea
- C. Restlessness
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of these symptoms are early signs of rabies. A short period of depression, nausea, and restlessness are common initial symptoms of rabies infection. These symptoms may be followed by more severe manifestations, such as aggression, confusion, and difficulty swallowing. Therefore, option D is the correct choice as it encompasses all the early symptoms of rabies. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they focus on individual symptoms, whereas rabies typically presents with a combination of these early signs.
Which of these is an early symptom of rabies
- A. a short period of depression
- B. nausea
- C. restlessness
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of the symptoms mentioned (short period of depression, nausea, restlessness) can be early signs of rabies. Rabies typically presents with a variety of non-specific symptoms in the early stages, including behavioral changes such as depression and restlessness, as well as gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea. Therefore, it is important to consider the combination of these symptoms collectively rather than individually when suspecting rabies. Choices A, B, and C alone may not definitively indicate rabies, but when seen together, they should raise suspicion and prompt further evaluation and testing for rabies.