Nokea
Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves.
- A. trigeminal
- B. hypoglossal
- C. vagus and glossopharyngeal
- D. glossopharyngeal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes in blood chemistry and send signals to the brainstem. The glossopharyngeal nerve carries signals from the carotid bodies, while the vagus nerve carries signals from the aortic bodies. These signals are crucial for regulating breathing and maintaining homeostasis. The other choices, trigeminal (A) and hypoglossal (B) nerves, are not involved in transmitting signals from chemoreceptors to the brain. Choice D, glossopharyngeal nerve alone, is not correct as both glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are involved in this process.
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2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde through
- A. Embden Meyerhof pathway
- B. Krebs Hensleit cycle
- C. Hexose monophosphate shunt
- D. Cori cycle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Embden Meyerhof pathway. In this pathway, 2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde through a series of enzymatic reactions involving intermediates like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This process occurs in the glycolysis pathway, specifically in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The other choices, B: Krebs Hensleit cycle, C: Hexose monophosphate shunt, and D: Cori cycle, are not involved in the direct synthesis of 2,3 DPG from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. Krebs Hensleit cycle is the citric acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate shunt is the pentose phosphate pathway, and Cori cycle is the process of lactate recycling in the liver.
A client is scheduled to have a tracheostomy placed in an hour. What action by the nurse is the priority?
- A. Administer prescribed anxiolytic medication.
- B. Ensure that informed consent is on the chart.
- C. Reinforce any teaching done previously.
- D. Start the preoperative antibiotic infusion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ensure that informed consent is on the chart. This is the priority action because obtaining informed consent is essential before any procedure to ensure that the client understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives. Administering anxiolytic medication (A) may be necessary but is not the priority. Reinforcing teaching (C) and starting antibiotics (D) are important but not as urgent as ensuring informed consent.
In the lungs
- A. PCO2 in the alveoli is the same as that in the capillaries
- B. PO2 in the alveoli is the same as that in the capillaries
- C. PCO2 in the alveoli is higher than that in the capillaries
- D. PCO2 in the alveoli is lower than that in the capillaries
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in the lungs, during gas exchange, carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the blood and exhaled. This leads to a lower PCO2 in the alveoli compared to the capillaries. The concentration gradient drives the diffusion of CO2 from the capillaries to the alveoli. Options A and B are incorrect because the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and oxygen (PO2) differ between the alveoli and capillaries due to gas exchange. Option C is also incorrect as PCO2 is lower in the alveoli to facilitate the removal of CO2 from the blood.
Which statement is NOT true?
- A. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in fluid than in oxygen.
- B. Carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly across the respiratory surface than does oxygen.
- C. The major muscle involved in breathing is the diaphragm.
- D. Oxygen is carried primarily by blood plasma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Oxygen is primarily carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, not blood plasma. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin for transport. Option A is false because oxygen is more soluble in fluid than carbon dioxide. Option B is incorrect as oxygen diffuses slower than carbon dioxide due to its larger molecular size. Option C is true as the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in breathing, contracting to expand the lungs during inhalation.
As the nurse responsible for this client's care, you anticipate which physician's orders?
- A. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation
- B. Immediate application of CPAP to client's nose and mouth
- C. Intravenous furosemide (Lasix) 100 mg IV push stat
- D. Call a CODE for respiratory arrest.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Poor oxygenation despite non-rebreather mask suggests impending respiratory failure, necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. CPAP (B) and Lasix (C) may be considered but are secondary. Calling a CODE (D) is only if respiratory arrest occurs.