Nokea
Internal intercostal muscles are used in ...
- A. inspiration
- B. expiration
- C. both of them
- D. pause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: expiration. The internal intercostal muscles are used during expiration to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity, increasing the pressure in the lungs, causing air to be pushed out. During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to inspiration. Choice C is incorrect because internal intercostal muscles are not involved in both inspiration and expiration simultaneously. Choice D is incorrect as there is no specific muscle action associated with a "pause" in breathing.
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The impulse for voluntary muscles for forced breathing starts in
- A. Medulla ( pons )
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medulla (pons). The medulla, located in the brainstem, controls involuntary functions like breathing. Specifically, the medulla contains the respiratory center, which regulates breathing rhythm and depth. During forced breathing, the medulla sends impulses to the voluntary muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The pons, which is closely connected to the medulla, assists in regulating breathing patterns. The vagus nerve (B) is responsible for parasympathetic functions, not voluntary breathing. The cerebral hemispheres (C) are primarily involved in higher brain functions, not breathing regulation. The spinal cord (D) plays a role in transmitting signals between the brain and muscles but does not initiate voluntary breathing impulses.
What is the proper sequence in the flow of air in humans?
- A. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
- B. nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
- C. nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
- D. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is C: nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi. Air enters through the nasal cavities, passes through the pharynx, then the larynx where the vocal cords are located, then enters the trachea, and finally branches into the bronchi leading to the lungs. This sequence follows the anatomical pathway of the respiratory system, ensuring proper filtration, warming, and humidification of the air. Choices A, B, and D have incorrect sequences that do not follow the anatomical order of the respiratory pathway, leading to an inaccurate flow of air in humans.
During inspiration, air passes into lungs due to
- A. Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
- B. Fall in pressure inside the lungs
- C. Increased volume of thoracic cavity
- D. Muscular expansion of lungs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
Rationale:
1. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
2. The external intercostal muscles also contract, lifting the ribcage and further expanding the thoracic cavity.
3. As thoracic cavity volume increases, lung pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.
Summary:
B: Fall in pressure inside the lungs - This is a consequence of the increase in thoracic cavity volume, not the cause of air entering the lungs.
C: Increased volume of thoracic cavity - This is correct but does not explain how air enters the lungs.
D: Muscular expansion of lungs - Lungs do not expand on their own; it is the thoracic cavity that expands to create the pressure gradient for air entry.
What is heart failure?
- A. A sudden stoppage of the heart
- B. Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively
- C. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries
- D. Irregular heartbeat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.
Explanation:
1. Heart failure is a chronic condition that develops over time due to various factors such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, or heart muscle damage.
2. The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively results in reduced blood flow to the body's organs and tissues.
3. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and swelling.
4. A sudden stoppage of the heart (Choice A) would result in cardiac arrest, not heart failure.
5. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries (Choice C) refers to atherosclerosis, not heart failure.
6. An irregular heartbeat (Choice D) may be a symptom
For a male client with an endotracheal (ET) tube, which nursing action is most essential?
- A. Auscultating the lungs for bilateral breath sounds.
- B. Turning the client from side to side every 2 hours.
- C. Monitoring serial blood gas values every 4 hours.
- D. Providing frequent oral hygiene.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Auscultating the lungs for bilateral breath sounds. This is the most essential nursing action for a male client with an endotracheal tube because it ensures proper placement of the tube and adequate ventilation. By auscultating the lungs, the nurse can assess for any potential complications such as tube displacement, pneumothorax, or mucus plugging. This action helps in early detection of respiratory issues and prompt intervention if needed.
Summary:
- Choice B (Turning the client from side to side every 2 hours) is important for preventing pressure ulcers but not as critical as assessing breath sounds.
- Choice C (Monitoring serial blood gas values every 4 hours) is important for evaluating respiratory status but does not provide immediate information on tube placement.
- Choice D (Providing frequent oral hygiene) is important for preventing infections but does not directly assess the client's respiratory status with an ET tube.