Nokea
Insulin:
- A. binds to GLUT 1-5 receptors in the peripheral tissues
- B. deficiency results in increased gluconeogenesis
- C. has a plasma half-life of 2-3 hours
- D. is secreted by the pancreatic A cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because insulin deficiency leads to increased gluconeogenesis due to the lack of inhibition on glucose production. Choice A is incorrect as insulin binds to GLUT 4 receptors, not GLUT 1-5. Choice C is wrong because insulin's half-life is only a few minutes. Choice D is also inaccurate as insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells, not A cells.
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Obesity:
- A. antagonizes insulin.
- B. elevates blood glucose levels.
- C. increases blood pressure.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because obesity can lead to insulin resistance, which antagonizes insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, leading to increased blood pressure. Therefore, all choices are applicable in describing the effects of obesity on the body.
Which of the following agents might mask the hypoglycemic reaction in treated diabetic patients?
- A. Beta-adrenergic agonists
- B. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists
- C. Alpha-adrenergic agonists
- D. Beta-adrenergic antagonists
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Beta-adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers can mask the typical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia such as tremors, palpitations, and sweating by inhibiting the adrenergic response to low blood sugar levels. Other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect as they do not have the same mechanism of action in masking hypoglycemic reactions in diabetic patients.
Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
Which of the following is NOT related to adrenal medulla structure and function?
- A. Inner portion of adrenal gland.
- B. Controlled by the nervous system.
- C. Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood.
- D. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regulates levels of glucose and minerals in the blood. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine, not regulating blood glucose and minerals. The inner portion of the adrenal gland refers to the adrenal medulla. It is controlled by the nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla are involved in the body's fight-or-flight response, not in regulating blood glucose and minerals. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it is not related to adrenal medulla structure and function.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
- A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
- B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
- C. second-messenger systems
- D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly interacts with the cell's DNA to regulate gene expression. This leads to changes in protein synthesis and cell function.
A: Extracellular receptors do not have specificity for a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. Steroids act intracellularly.
B: Formation of cyclic AMP is associated with G-protein coupled receptors, not steroid receptors.
C: Second-messenger systems are typically involved in signaling cascades triggered by extracellular ligands, not steroids.