Nokea
Which of these hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. thyroid hormone
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. glucagon
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Thyroid hormone (A) is produced by the thyroid gland, while glucagon (C) and insulin (D) are produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels. ADH is the only hormone among the choices that is released by the posterior pituitary gland, making it the correct answer.
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A patient who is on corticosteroid therapy for treatment of an autoimmune disorder has the following additional drugs ordered. Which one is used to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis?
- A. Potassium
- B. Alendronate (Fosamax)
- C. Furosemide (Lasix)
- D. Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alendronate is used to prevent osteoporosis caused by corticosteroid therapy by inhibiting bone resorption and improving bone density.
Which one of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for preparing a client for a CT scan?
- A. Consult the physician for the special preparation
- B. Provide general explanation to the client
- C. Inform client to temporarily eliminate salt from the diet
- D. Instruct the client to fast
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Providing a general explanation to the client about the CT scan ensures they understand the procedure and prepares them psychologically for the test.
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
- A. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
- B. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
- C. second-messenger systems
- D. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly interacts with the cell's DNA to regulate gene expression. This leads to changes in protein synthesis and cell function.
A: Extracellular receptors do not have specificity for a single amino acid sequence on the hormone. Steroids act intracellularly.
B: Formation of cyclic AMP is associated with G-protein coupled receptors, not steroid receptors.
C: Second-messenger systems are typically involved in signaling cascades triggered by extracellular ligands, not steroids.
A short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug is:
- A. Atropine
- B. Homatropine
- C. Hyoscine
- D. Tropicamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Tropicamide. Tropicamide is a short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic drug commonly used in ophthalmology. It acts quickly, providing temporary dilation of the pupil and relaxation of the ciliary muscle for refraction assessment. Atropine (A) is a long-acting cycloplegic, not short-acting. Homatropine (B) and Hyoscine (C) are also longer-acting drugs compared to Tropicamide. Therefore, D is the correct answer for its rapid onset and short duration of action in dilating the pupil and paralyzing accommodation.
The following drugs can depress the sympathetic activity EXCEPT:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Reserpine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Labetalol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phenylephrine. Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. In contrast, choices A, B, and D all work to depress sympathetic activity by different mechanisms. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that decreases sympathetic outflow. Reserpine inhibits the storage of norepinephrine, leading to decreased sympathetic activity. Labetalol is a non-selective beta blocker that blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing sympathetic effects. Therefore, Phenylephrine is the only drug among the options that does not depress sympathetic activity.