Nokea
Identify the hormone that causes the development of the breast and milk production.
- A. oxytocin
- B. prolactin
- C. estrogen
- D. antidiuretic hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: prolactin. Prolactin is the hormone responsible for the development of the breast tissue and milk production in females. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in lactation. Oxytocin is involved in milk ejection, not breast development. Estrogen plays a role in breast development but not specifically in milk production. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance and has no direct role in breast development or milk production.
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Intravenous administration of epinephrine to a patient results in a severe decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output. Which of the following drugs might the patient have previously taken that could account for this unexpected effect?
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atropine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prazosin. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which blocks the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines like epinephrine, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in diastolic pressure. The unexpected effect of a decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output after epinephrine administration suggests that the patient might have taken a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, which would not cause this effect. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and would not explain the observed effects. Phenylephrine (C) is an alpha-1 agonist, so it would not result in the described response. Therefore, Prazosin (D) is the most likely drug the patient previously took to account for the unexpected effects of epinephrine administration.
A nursing health history of a client suspected of having Cushing syndrome must include assessment of
- A. increased pigmentation
- B. decreased urinary output
- C. changes in body structure and weight
- D. increased thickening and coarsening of skin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Changes in body structure and weight, such as fat redistribution and weight gain, are key signs of Cushing syndrome.
Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
- GLUT2 transporter on basolateral membrane transports glucose, galactose, and fructose.
- SGLT-2 transporter on apical membrane co-transports glucose and galactose with Na.
- Fructose absorption is via facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport.
- Insulin increases, not decreases, carbohydrate absorption.
A common second messenger used in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones is
- A. tRNA.
- B. ATP.
- C. cAMP.
- D. PTH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP. Water-soluble hormones, such as adrenaline or glucagon, bind to cell surface receptors and activate a signaling cascade that often involves cAMP as a second messenger. Upon hormone binding, the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins, ultimately affecting cellular responses.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones.
B: ATP is used as an energy source in various cellular processes, but it is not a second messenger in hormone signaling pathways.
D: PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone involved in calcium regulation and does not act through cAMP signaling in the same manner as water-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is not a similarity between hormones and neurotransmitters?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (all of the above are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters)
- B. Both are chemical messengers.
- C. Both can sometimes be chemically identical.
- D. Both produce molecules that act on receptors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.