Nokea
What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?
- A. Low plasma levels of calcium
- B. High plasma levels of potassium
- C. High plasma levels of glucose
- D. Low blood volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.
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What is the effect of removing hawks on the number of grasshoppers and rabbits?
- A. no change, decreases
- B. decreases, increases
- C. decreases, no change
- D. increases, increases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because removing hawks would lead to an increase in both grasshoppers and rabbits. Hawks are natural predators of both grasshoppers and rabbits. With fewer hawks preying on them, the populations of grasshoppers and rabbits would increase due to reduced predation pressure. Choice A is incorrect because the removal of hawks would lead to an increase in grasshoppers and rabbits, not no change. Choice B is incorrect because removing hawks would not cause a decrease in grasshoppers but rather an increase. Choice C is incorrect because the removal of hawks would actually result in an increase in the populations of both grasshoppers and rabbits, not no change.
Alison is being treated for hyperthyroidism. In reviewing her laboratory results, the physician would expect to see:
- A. Diminished thyroid hormone.
- B. Elevated thyroid hormone.
- C. Diminished PTH.
- D. Elevated PTH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, such as T3 and T4, which are produced in excess in this condition.
Injecting cocaine may cause a hypertensive crisis or stroke, and if the cocaine is inhaled frequently, it may destroy the tissues in the nose. Which of the following best describes how cocaine causes these adverse effects?
- A. Blocks alpha adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocks muscarinic receptors for ACh
- C. Blocks reuptake of noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerves
- D. Depletes norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cocaine blocks the reuptake of noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves, leading to excessive stimulation of adrenergic receptors. This causes increased blood pressure, which can result in a hypertensive crisis or stroke. Additionally, the vasoconstrictive effects of excess noradrenaline can lead to tissue damage in the nose when cocaine is inhaled frequently. Choices A and B are incorrect because cocaine does not directly block alpha adrenergic or muscarinic receptors. Choice D is incorrect because cocaine does not deplete norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings but rather increases its concentration by blocking reuptake.
The nurse assesses the diabetic patient's technique of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) 3 months after initial instruction. Which error in the performance of SMBG noted by the nurse requires intervention?
- A. Doing the SMBG before and after exercising
- B. Puncturing the finger on the side of the finger pad
- C. Cleaning the puncture site with alcohol before the puncture
- D. Holding the hand down for a few minutes before the puncture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alcohol on the skin can interfere with glucose readings and should not be used to clean the puncture site.
The small intestine runs from the stomach to the large intestine. It has three parts. Starting at the stomach, in which order do they occur?
- A. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum
- B. Jejunum, duodenum, ileum
- C. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
- D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.