Nokea
Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. hypocalcemic tetany.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. acute adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.
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Intravenous administration of epinephrine to a patient results in a severe decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output. Which of the following drugs might the patient have previously taken that could account for this unexpected effect?
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atropine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prazosin. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which blocks the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines like epinephrine, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in diastolic pressure. The unexpected effect of a decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output after epinephrine administration suggests that the patient might have taken a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, which would not cause this effect. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and would not explain the observed effects. Phenylephrine (C) is an alpha-1 agonist, so it would not result in the described response. Therefore, Prazosin (D) is the most likely drug the patient previously took to account for the unexpected effects of epinephrine administration.
Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on __________.
- A. the cells that secrete it
- B. distant target organs
- C. cells other than those that secrete it
- D. the hypothalamus to inhibit or activate the secretion of other hormones
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because somatostatin acts on nearby cells other than those that secrete it, which is the definition of paracrine signaling. This type of signaling involves the release of signaling molecules that affect neighboring cells within the same tissue or organ. Choices A and B are incorrect because paracrine signaling does not target the cells that secrete the signaling molecule or distant target organs. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus is not typically the target of somatostatin action in the pancreas.
Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a .
- A. hormone-gene complex
- B. hormone-receptor complex
- C. negative feedback mechanism
- D. positive feedback mechanism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative feedback mechanism. This is because the majority of hormones in the endocrine system are regulated by a feedback loop that maintains homeostasis by inhibiting further hormone production when levels are too high and stimulating production when levels are too low. This negative feedback mechanism ensures that hormone levels remain within a narrow range.
A: hormone-gene complex is incorrect as hormones are not primarily regulated by direct interactions with genes.
B: hormone-receptor complex is incorrect as receptors are involved in hormone action, not regulation.
D: positive feedback mechanism is incorrect as it would lead to an amplification of hormone production, which is not typically seen in the endocrine system to maintain stability.
Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
Which row describes aqueous sodium chloride in process 1 and the name of process 2?
- A. residue, evaporation
- B. residue, filtration
- C. filtrate, evaporation
- D. filtrate, filtration
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: filtrate, evaporation. In process 1, aqueous sodium chloride would form the filtrate after filtration, as the solid residue is left behind. In process 2, evaporation is used to separate the solvent (water) from the dissolved salt, leaving behind the pure salt. Choice A is incorrect because residue is the solid left behind, not the liquid portion (filtrate). Choice B is incorrect as filtration results in the filtrate, not the residue. Choice D is incorrect as the filtrate undergoes evaporation, not filtration.