Nokea
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _______ which targets the _______.
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon; liver. Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon, which targets the liver. Glucagon helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, not the pancreas, and does not target the liver. Glucagon does not target the kidney, and calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in regulating calcium levels, not blood glucose levels.
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What is the effect of removing hawks on the number of grasshoppers and rabbits?
- A. no change, decreases
- B. decreases, increases
- C. decreases, no change
- D. increases, increases
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because removing hawks would lead to an increase in both grasshoppers and rabbits. Hawks are natural predators of both grasshoppers and rabbits. With fewer hawks preying on them, the populations of grasshoppers and rabbits would increase due to reduced predation pressure. Choice A is incorrect because the removal of hawks would lead to an increase in grasshoppers and rabbits, not no change. Choice B is incorrect because removing hawks would not cause a decrease in grasshoppers but rather an increase. Choice C is incorrect because the removal of hawks would actually result in an increase in the populations of both grasshoppers and rabbits, not no change.
The release of cortisol is stimulated by
- A. aldosterone
- B. angiotensin
- C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress or low cortisol levels, stimulating the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Aldosterone (A) regulates electrolyte balance, angiotensin (B) regulates blood pressure, and antidiuretic hormone (C) regulates water balance, but they do not directly stimulate cortisol release. So, ACTH is the correct choice for stimulating cortisol production.
Regarding starvation:
- A. glycogen provides enough fuel for 48 hours
- B. ketoacids derived from fats, are used by the brain and other tissues
- C. hypoglycaemia has a protein sparing effect
- D. average time until death is 40 days
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (B):
1. During starvation, the body shifts to using ketoacids derived from fats for fuel.
2. The brain and other tissues can utilize these ketoacids.
3. This process helps to spare protein and prevent muscle breakdown.
4. Therefore, choice B is correct as ketoacids play a crucial role in providing energy during starvation.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Glycogen stores are depleted within 24 hours, not 48 hours.
C: Hypoglycemia during starvation does not have a protein sparing effect.
D: The average time until death from starvation is typically much shorter than 40 days.
The patient has newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Which task should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Arrange consult with the dietitian for patient.
- B. Verify patient's insulin injection technique.
- C. Teach patient to use glucometer for monitoring glucose at home.
- D. Remind patient to check glucose level prior to each meal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Reminding the patient to check glucose level prior to each meal is a simple task that can be delegated to the nursing assistant.
Treatment of acute organophosphorus poisoning includes all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Intravenous atropine
- B. Decontamination
- C. Artificial respiration and aspiration of secretions
- D. Intravenous methacholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Intravenous methacholine. Methacholine is a parasympathomimetic drug that would worsen the symptoms of organophosphorus poisoning by further stimulating the cholinergic receptors. Intravenous atropine is used to counteract the excessive cholinergic stimulation. Decontamination is crucial to remove any remaining poison from the skin or gastrointestinal tract. Artificial respiration and aspiration of secretions help manage respiratory distress caused by the poisoning.